Section C

GRAMMAR

被动语态

一、概念

1.语态

语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

如果动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作，不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。

2.主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤

1）把原主动句中的宾语提到句首，变为被动句的主语；

2）把动词变为被动形式，即“be +过去分词”，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化而变化，而动词的时态则保持不变；

3）原主动句的主语，如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略；

4）其他的成分（定语、状语）不变。例如

主动语态：Bruce writes a letter every week.

被动语态：Letter is written by Bruce every week.

主动语态：Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.

被动语态：The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

3.被动语态各时态构成表

二、用法

1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词

1）主动语态：We clean our classroom everyday.

被动语态：Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

2）主动语态：My mother asks me to study hard.

被动语态：I am asked to study hard by my mother.

3）主动语态：We use knives for cutting things.

被动语态：Knives are used for cutting things.

2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

1）主动语态：We built a new shop last year.

被动语态：A new shop was built last year.

2）主动语态：Dinosaur laid dinosaur eggs long long ago.

被动语态：Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词

1）主动语态：The translators has translated this book into many languages.

被动语态：This book has been translated into many languages.

2）主动语态：Many countries have sent up many man-made satellites into space .

被动语态：Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

1）主动语态：We will build a new hospital in our city.

被动语态：A new hospital will be built in our city.

2）主动语态：We will plant many more trees next year.

被动语态：Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

1）主动语态：We must water young trees often.

被动语态：Young trees must be watered often.

2）主动语态：You should correct your mistakes right now.

被动语态：Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

3）主动语态：We may lock the door inside.

被动语态：The door may be locked inside.

4）主动语态：You can hand in your homework tomorrow.

被动语态：Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词

1）主动语态：Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.

被动语态：My bike is being mended by uncle Wang now.

2）主动语态：Tom is repairing my bike now.

被动语态：My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

3）主动语态：They are planting trees over there.

被动语态：Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

There are two books to be read.

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题

1.不及物动词无被动语态，例如

What will happen in 100 years?

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义，例如

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。例如

make somebody do something→somebody + be + made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be + seen to do something

主动语态：A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.

被动语态：My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

主动语态：The boss made the little boy do heavy work.

被动语态：The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4.如果接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。

主动语态：He gave me a book.

被动语态：A book was given to me by him.

主动语态：He showed me a ticket.

被动语态：A ticket was shown to me by him.

主动语态：My father bought me a new bike.

被动语态：A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看做一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

主动语态：We can’t laugh at him.

被动语态：He can’t be laugh at by us.

主动语态：He listens to the radio every day.

被动语态：The radio is listened to by him every day.

主动语态：The nurse is taking care of the sick man.

被动语态：The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

Grammar Exercise

Put the following active voice into passive voice.

1.His mother told him not to waste time on fishing.

2.Father gave me a toy at Christmas.

3.This factory produces machine tools.

4.They should do it at once.

5.He is likely to let you down.

6.They named the child Tom.

7.You must finish the article before Friday.

8.They will not paint the house again next year.

9.They promised Mary a new doll for her birthday.

10.I have told the children many times not to skate on the pond.

11.He translated the story into English.

12.We had to repair our TV set.

13.Do they take good care of the sick?

14.Their company has paid the workers very high wages.

15.They showed me the room where they lived.

16.They are teaching how to operate the new machine.