第297章

In the face of these unexpected trammels the peasant becomes furious： His fixed idea， from the outbreak of the Revolution， is that he no longer owes anything to anybody， and， among the speeches， decrees， proclamations， and instructions which rumor brings to his ears， he comprehends but one phrase， and is determined to comprehend no other， and that is， that henceforth his obligations are removed.

He does not swerve from this， and since the law hinders， instead of aiding him， he will break the law. In fact， after the 4th of August， 1789， feudal dues cease to be collected. The claims which are maintained are not enforced any more than those which are suppressed. Whole communities come and give notice to the lord of the manor that they will not pay any more rent. Others， with sword in hand， compel him to give them acquittances. Others again， to be more secure， break open his safe， and throw his title-deeds into the fire.[24] Public force is nowhere strong enough to protect him in his legal rights. Officers dare not serve writs， the courts dare not give judgment， administrative bodies dare not decree in his favor. He is despoiled through the connivance， the neglect， or the impotence of all the authorities which ought to defend him. He is abandoned to the peasants who fell his forests， under the pretext that they formerly belonged to the commune； who take possession of his mill， his wine-press， and his oven， under the pretext that territorial privileges are suppressed.[25] Most of the gentry of the provinces are ruined， without any resource， and have not even their daily bread； for their income consisted in seignorial rights， and in rents derived from their real property， which they had let on perpetual leases， and now， in accordance with the law， one-half of this income ceases to be paid， while the other half ceases to be paid in spite of the law. One hundred and twenty-three millions of revenue， representing two thousand millions and a half of capital in the money of that time， double， at least， that of the present day， thus passes as a gift， or through the toleration of the National Assembly， from the hands of creditors into those of their debtors.

To this must be added an equal sum for revenue and capital arising from the tithes which are suppressed without compensation， and by the same stroke. -- This is the commencement of the great revolutionary operation， that is to say， of the universal bankruptcy which， directly or indirectly， is to destroy all contracts， and abolish all debts in France. Violations of property， especially of private property， cannot be made with impunity. The Assembly desired to lop off only the feudal branch； but， in admitting that the State can annul， without compensation， the obligations which it has guaranteed， it put the ax to the root of the tree， and other rougher hands are already driving it in up to the haft.

Nothing now remains to the noble but his title， his territorial name， and his armorial bearings， which are innocent distinctions， since they no longer confer any jurisdiction or pre-eminence upon him， and which， as the law ceases to protect him， the first comer may borrow with impunity. Not only， moreover， do they do no harm， but they are even worthy of respect. With many of the nobles the title of the estate covers the family name， the former alone being made use of. If one were substituted for the other， the public would have difficulty in discovering M. de Mirabeau， Lafayette， and M. de Moutmorency， under the new names Riquetti， M. Mottié， and M.

Bouchard. Besides， it would be wrong to the bearer of it， to whom the abolished title is a legitimate possession， often precious， it being a certificate of quality and descent， an authentic personal distinction of which he cannot be deprived without losing his position， rank， and worth， in the human world around him. -- The Assembly， however， with a popular principle at stake， gives no heed to public utility， nor to the rights of individuals. The feudal system being abolished， all that remains of it must be got rid of.

A decree is passed that "hereditary nobility is offensive to reason and to true liberty；" that， where it exists， "there is no political equality."[26] Every French citizen is forbidden to assume or retain the titles of prince， duke， count， marquis， chevalier， and the like， and to bear any other than the "true name of his family；" he is prohibited from making his servants wear liveries， and from having coats-of-arms on his house or on his carriage. In case of any infraction of this law a penalty is inflicted upon him equal to six times the sum of his personal taxes； he is to be struck off the register of citizens， and declared incapable of holding any civil or military office. There is the same punishment if to any contract or acquittance he affixes his accustomed signature； if； through habit or inadvertence， he adds the title of his estate to his family name -- if； with a view to recognition， and to render his identity certain， he merely mentions that he once bore the former name. Any notary or public officer who shall write， or allow to be written， in any document the word ci-devant (formerly) is to be suspended from his functions. Not only are old names thus abolished， but an effort is made to efface all remembrance of them. In a little while， the childish law will become a murderous one. It will be but a little while and， according to the terms of this same decree， a military veteran of seventy-seven years， a loyal servant of the Republic， and a brigadier-general under the Convention， will be arrested on returning to his native village， because he has mechanically signed the register of the revolutionary committee as Montperreux instead of Vannod， and， for this infraction， he will be guillotined along with his brother and his sister-in-law.[27]