第1章 INTRODUCTION(1)

Lysimachus,the son of Aristides the Just,and Melesias,the son of the elder Thucydides,two aged men who live together,are desirous of educating their sons in the best manner.Their own education,as often happens with the sons of great men,has been neglected;and they are resolved that their children shall have more care taken of them,than they received themselves at the hands of their fathers.

At their request,Nicias and Laches have accompanied them to see a man named Stesilaus fighting in heavy armour.The two fathers ask the two generals what they think of this exhibition,and whether they would advise that their sons should acquire the accomplishment.Nicias and Laches are quite willing to give their opinion;but they suggest that Socrates should be invited to take part in the consultation.He is a stranger to Lysimachus,but is afterwards recognised as the son of his old friend Sophroniscus,with whom he never had a difference to the hour of his death.

Socrates is also known to Nicias,to whom he had introduced the excellent Damon,musician and sophist,as a tutor for his son,and to Laches,who had witnessed his heroic behaviour at the battle of Delium (compare Symp.).

Socrates,as he is younger than either Nicias or Laches,prefers to wait until they have delivered their opinions,which they give in a characteristic manner.Nicias,the tactician,is very much in favour of the new art,which he describes as the gymnastics of war--useful when the ranks are formed,and still more useful when they are broken;creating a general interest in military studies,and greatly adding to the appearance of the soldier in the field.Laches,the blunt warrior,is of opinion that such an art is not knowledge,and cannot be of any value,because the Lacedaemonians,those great masters of arms,neglect it.His own experience in actual service has taught him that these pretenders are useless and ridiculous.This man Stesilaus has been seen by him on board ship making a very sorry exhibition of himself.The possession of the art will make the coward rash,and subject the courageous,if he chance to make a slip,to invidious remarks.And now let Socrates be taken into counsel.

As they differ he must decide.

Socrates would rather not decide the question by a plurality of votes:in such a serious matter as the education of a friend's children,he would consult the one skilled person who has had masters,and has works to show as evidences of his skill.This is not himself;for he has never been able to pay the sophists for instructing him,and has never had the wit to do or discover anything.But Nicias and Laches are older and richer than he is:they have had teachers,and perhaps have made discoveries;and he would have trusted them entirely,if they had not been diametrically opposed.

Lysimachus here proposes to resign the argument into the hands of the younger part of the company,as he is old,and has a bad memory.He earnestly requests Socrates to remain;--in this showing,as Nicias says,how little he knows the man,who will certainly not go away until he has cross-examined the company about their past lives.Nicias has often submitted to this process;and Laches is quite willing to learn from Socrates,because his actions,in the true Dorian mode,correspond to his words.

Socrates proceeds:We might ask who are our teachers?But a better and more thorough way of examining the question will be to ask,'What is Virtue?'--or rather,to restrict the enquiry to that part of virtue which is concerned with the use of weapons--'What is Courage?'Laches thinks that he knows this:'He is courageous who remains at his post.'But some nations fight flying,after the manner of Aeneas in Homer;or as the heavy-armed Spartans also did at the battle of Plataea.Socrates wants a more general definition,not only of military courage,but of courage of all sorts,tried both amid pleasures and pains.Laches replies that this universal courage is endurance.But courage is a good thing,and mere endurance may be hurtful and injurious.Therefore the element of intelligence must be added.But then again unintelligent endurance may often be more courageous than the intelligent,the bad than the good.How is this contradiction to be solved?Socrates and Laches are not set 'to the Dorian mode'of words and actions;for their words are all confusion,although their actions are courageous.Still they must 'endure'in an argument about endurance.Laches is very willing,and is quite sure that he knows what courage is,if he could only tell.

Nicias is now appealed to;and in reply he offers a definition which he has heard from Socrates himself,to the effect that 'Courage is intelligence.'Laches derides this;and Socrates enquires,'What sort of intelligence?'to which Nicias replies,'Intelligence of things terrible.'

'But every man knows the things to be dreaded in his own art.''No they do not.They may predict results,but cannot tell whether they are really terrible;only the courageous man can tell that.'Laches draws the inference that the courageous man is either a soothsayer or a god.