第二章 段落句子填空题与排序题解题技巧及大纲样题解析
第一节 段落句子填空题与排序题解题技巧
一、利用代词解题
1. 如果选项中有指示代词+名词的情况，往往表明文章中此选项所在空白处的前面出现了这个名词，或这个名词的同义改写，或与这个名词相关的概念。
常见的指示代词有this、that、these、those和such等。
以2012年英语（一）真题为例：
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. （41）___________________
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. （42）___________________I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. （43）___________________
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. （44）___________________
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. （45）___________________
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A]Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B]Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C]Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
[D]This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
[E]The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
[F]One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
选项[A]的开头出现了指示代词+名词these superfluous things，这说明文章中这句话的前面出现了superfluous things或者相关概念，经过定位寻找，43题所在的段落提到了superfluous material goods，意为“丰富的物质财富”，因此正确答案为[A]。
同样，选项[F]中提到了this pyramid of production，这说明文章中这句话的前面出现了this pyramid of production或者相关概念，经过定位寻找，44题所在的段落第二句提到了a pyramid of production，因此正确答案为[F]。
再以下面这篇文章为例：
A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. 41. __________They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.
For example, if workers arrived at 6 a.m., the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time. 42. __________“It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said. “The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,” Farritor said in a report on his creation.
43. __________This fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.
The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. “It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said. “Normally there's a kind of rubbery, black base to them. 44. __________”
Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they might need.
The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds. “That way you don't have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation.” Farritor said.
While prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next. 45. __________He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may benefit from them.
[A]And they can return to the original place at the end of the day.
[B]He is thinking about starting a small business.
[C]Farritor was “Inventor of the Year” in 2003.
[D]Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.
[E]We replace that with a robot.
[F]These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away.
[G]They make those orange cones and help upgrade water infrastructure.
[F]项中出现了指示词These robotic cones and barrels，说明前面很可能提到了robotic cones and barrels，纵观原文，此选项为41空所填内容。
43空后出现了指示词This fund，说明本空所填句子提到了fund或其同义词。[D]提到了grant，意为“资助金”，所以[D]项为43题答案。
2. 利用第三人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格做题。
要注意三个问题：
（1）代词指代的名词的单复数形式要一致。一般来说，he（him/his）, she（her/her）, it（it/its）前面往往会出现单数名词，而they（them/their）前面往往会出现复数名词。
（2）代词可以用来指代明确的人或物。he（him/his）或she（her/her）的前面往往出现表示人物的名词，they（them/their）前面可能出现表示人物的名词，也可能出现表示事物的名词。注意：如果使用拟人的修辞手段，he（him/his）或she（her/her）前面也可能会出现表物的名词，但是拟人的修辞手法在考研英语这种学术性极强的考试中，出现的频率非常低。
（3）代词可以用来明确所指代的人物的性别。he（him/his）前面往往出现男性名词，如：boy、man、policeman和Mr.等，she（her/her）前面往往出现女性名词，如：girl、woman、policewoman、Mrs.、Ms. 和Miss等。
同样，还以2012年真题（P2~3）为例：
[C]项中连续出现了两次人称代词they，而根据选项前半部分的意思“他们不但发明了这个设备”可知，they指的是表示人物的复数名词，文章中41题所在的段落出现了geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries，这些都是指人的复数名词。同时[C]项中的such a device指代此段落中的a fabulous machine。因此正确答案为[C]。
文章中42题空后出现了call it a secret war，可知空格处所填内容中应提到a secret war或相关概念，选项[D]中提到了a secret war，因此正确答案为[D]。
再以P3~4举例文章为例：
45题空后中的He is also thinking about...出现了he和also两个重要的线索，also表递进关系，说明空格处说的是he is thinking...。所以正确答案为[B]。
3. 使用代词的注意事项
（1）如果指示代词后面没有出现名词，那么该指示代词用处不大。
（2）若选项中出现了they（them/their），要弄清楚这个词指代的是人还是物。
（3）it既可以作形式主语，也可以作形式宾语，既可以指时间、天气、距离，也可以指表示整体概念的复数名词，其使用情况较为复杂。
（4）代词出现在选项的第一句或文章中空格的后面一句时更容易用来定位信息。
（5）one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词、单数可数名词或句子。
（6）anyone用代词he来指代。