List 3

v. 环绕；包围

例 When the car stopped in the town square, it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen. 那辆汽车停在城镇广场时立刻被士兵和民兵包围了。

n. 1 地平线 2 范围，界限 3 眼界

例 The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. 最初，探索地平线之外的世界的好奇心驱使着波利尼西亚人来到夏威夷海岸，如今同样的好奇心也在驱使着天文学家去探索天空。

v. 1 犯（罪） 2 承诺，忠于

例 Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes into their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, as a rejection of middle-class values. 强调社会作用的理论认为儿童的犯罪行为是因为他们未能如愿地提高自己的社会经济地位，或者是因为他们排斥中产阶级的价值观。

n. 承诺；责任

例 The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a long-standing commitment to abide by the state's strict nuclear regulations. 作为新英格兰地区主要的能源供应商，该公司引起了佛蒙特人民的公愤，因为上周它宣称将不再履行“遵守该州严格的核安全规则”这一长期承诺。

n. 目的地

例 Only half of the emergency supplies have reached their destination. 仅有一半的紧急救援物资运抵了目的地。

adj. 1 公民的；民用的 2 文明的

例1 A working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines. 国际民航组织的一个工作小组已经考虑了在新的操作指南蓝本中加入编队飞行的可能性。

例2 John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. 哈佛肯尼迪学院的约翰·多纳休指出，西方公众服务的文化准则适合那些谋求稳定的人，但不利于成功人士。

n. 礼貌；客套；礼仪

例 The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. 在追求公认的文明礼仪和精湛技能的过程中，新英格兰殖民地发生了许多重要的事情。

n. 职业，行业

例 The medical profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 医疗行业正在采取措施，要求年轻医生到临终安养院进行培训，以测试强效疼痛管理疗法方面的知识，制定用于医院护理的医疗计费规范以及用于评估和治疗临终时的疼痛的新标准。

v. 移居国外

例 Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. 许多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人尤其可能移民。

n. 移居国外

例 Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 从17世纪到18世纪早期的这一百年里，一股移民潮从欧洲横扫至美洲——这是历史上一场大规模的人口迁徙。

n. 经销商，商人

例 In the late 1800s, British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. 19世纪末期，英国考古学家亚瑟·埃文爵士逐一搜寻了希腊雅典的古玩店。

n. 经销商

例 From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. 由于购物者削减了支出，从汽车经销商到Gap折扣店，数月以来的销量一直滞缓。

adj. 最初的；开始的 n. 首字母

例 Their initial exchange of letters set the tone for their relationship as student and mentor. 他们最初的书信来往奠定了他们师生关系的基调。

adv. 起初

例 At Boston College, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on. 在波士顿大学，从其他学院转到护理学院要多修一年课程。休学一年，一开始就找准兴趣所在，会减少后期的压力和开支。

n. 业余爱好者

例 It was hard for amateurs to make entrance to professional geological journals, and this has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing. 业余人士很难进入专业性的地质学杂志，而审稿制度的全面引进更使此难上加难。

n. 论坛

例 Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. 在为国家移民论坛撰稿时，格雷戈里·罗德里格斯就指出，当今的移民形势既没有处于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。

n. 1 和谐；融洽 2 和声

例1 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the post-war Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. 战后日本的生产率和社会和谐均为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是其特征。

例2 Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. 贝多芬在音乐方面的重要性主要在于其作品的革命性。他使音乐摆脱了早期盛行的和声与结构的束缚。

adj. 和谐的

例 The government puts great emphasis on seeking harmonious development between cities and the environment, and is readjusting the energy structure by giving priority to the development of clean and low-carbon energies. 政府十分重视城市与环境的和谐发展，并且正在重整能源结构，优先发展清洁、低碳的能源。

v. 装饰

例 Hilton is building his own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. 希尔顿正在那儿建自己的酒店，而且一定会配备哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧、李尔休息室、班科宴会厅等，这些地方的消费水平会很高。

n. 装饰（品）

例 When one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. 当我们看到由无家可归者所创造的花园的照片时，我们感到了深深的震撼：这些花园风格多样，除了用来装饰和表达创造力之外，还道出了人类一些其他的根本需求。

v. 1 搜集，采集 2 积聚；聚集

例 In the U.S. and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. 在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量，观察者们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下。

adj. 抽象的 n. 摘要

例 The anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中的“集合”概念一样，是一个使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能的抽象概念。

n./v. 评论；批评，批判

例 The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. 网络计算机是一台奇妙的机器。它既是生产的方式也是营销的途径，既是接收信息的站点也是发表评论的平台，具备这种功能的媒体机器还是第一次出现。

conj. 然而，尽管，但是

例 The legal issues in the case are obscure: Whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. 该事件涉及的法律问题很模糊，尽管最高法院已经判定各州对核电站的确有一定的监管权，但法律学者们认为，佛蒙特州案件会成为考量州政府核监管权限的一个先例。

adj. 有志向的；野心勃勃的

例 One ambitious company called the Media Development Investment Fund （MDIF） planned to turn the age of online computing on its head by giving free web access to every person on Earth. 媒体发展投资基金公司（MDIF）非常有野心，他们计划为全球的所有人提供免费网络，让在线计算的时代发生完全变革。

v. 计划，打算

例1 After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 per cent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying. 购物约40分钟以后，大多数人就不再努力做出理性选择，转而开始冲动购物——有一半我们原本根本没想买的东西是在这个时候放进购物车的。

例2 If you intend using humour in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. 如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何找到与听众共有的经历和问题。

n. 残障；障碍

v. 妨碍；阻碍

例 We all know that without the fierce competition we will never have the motivation to overcome handicap. 我们都知道，没有激烈的竞争，我们将永远不会有动力去克服障碍。

n. 宽度；广度

例 The report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. 这份报告很可能会阻碍改革，因为它没有弄清国会要求其阐明的问题的深度和广度。

v. 训练 n. 1 教练 2 长途汽车

例1 There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win. 千差万别的企业中有许许多多的首席执行官，但他们大多数都把自己视为教练，把企业当作自己的团队，他们想赢。

例2 Once upon a time, the only American public-sector workers who earned well above $250,000 a year were university sports coaches and the president of the United States. 以前，美国公共部门的员工中，只有大学体育教练和总统的年收入能超过25万美元。

v. 缓和，减轻

例 The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. 对于如何用药物减轻病危患者的痛苦这个问题而言，最高法庭关于医生协助病人结束生命这一问题的裁决具有重要意义。

v. （把…）集中（于）（~on） n. 焦点，重点；集中点

例1 In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements. 在我的研究项目中，女性对丈夫抱怨最多的并不是一些切实存在的不平等现象，比如她们为了陪伴丈夫而放弃了自己工作的机会，或者她们承担了远多于自己分内的生活任务，如打扫卫生、做饭、社交安排等。

例2 "What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain", says Pillay. 皮莱说：“人们没有意识到，为了完成任务，他们需要把大脑中管集中精力和管一心多用的这两条线路都动用起来。”

n. 生活，生计

例 Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 更确切地说，我们对美国公民有某种认知，即公民如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到身外之物的影响的，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

n. 磨坊；工厂

例 The Mill on the Floss is one of the early works of the famous English writer George Eliot. 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》是英国著名女作家乔治·艾略特的早期作品之一。

adj. 丰富的，大量的，充裕的

例 There are abundant opportunities for well qualified staff. 工作能力强的员工拥有大量的机会。

n. 丰富，充裕

例 Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organised, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. 米斯的这句名言的意思是，如果安排合理，简单装饰也能比过多装饰更有效果。他相信，优雅并非源自丰富。

adv. 1 大量地 2 十分地；充分地 3 显而易见

例 Koelzer made it abundantly clear that anybody who disagrees with his policies will not last long. 凯尔泽十分明确地表示，任何不同意他的政策的人都坚持不了多久。

adj. 依赖的，依靠的

例 As a result of these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programmes and putting them into effect. 在这些因素的作用下，政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来制定和实施适当的计划。

n. 地带，区域

例 Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. 市场已经丧失了这种信念，即无论强弱，欧元区经济体只要本着使用统一货币的原则，避免那些缺乏竞争力的国家采取货币贬值这一权宜之计，有朝一日定能实现统一。

n. 方法；技术

例 To find the sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. 如今，考古学家找到遗址主要依赖的是系统的勘察方法和各种高科技设备和技术。

n. 1 分开，划分 2 除法 3 分歧

例1 The narrowness of the government's victory reflected deep division within the Party. 政府勉强获胜反映出党内的严重分歧。

例2 We use division when we want to separate objects into groups of equal size. 当我们想把物品分成若干等份时，我们可以用除法。

n. 1 细绳 2 弦 3 一连串，一系列 v. 用（线、链等）穿起来

例 A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management. 从冷却塔的部分倒塌到地下管道系统发现泄露等一系列事件的发生，使人们严重怀疑佛蒙特扬基核电站的安全问题和安特吉公司的管理状况。

v. 拖，拽 n. 1 累赘；拖累 2 阻力

例 The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. 气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在翼尾的后面转而向上流动，这种现象叫作上升流。在上升流中飞行的鸟阻力减小，推动自身前进时消耗的能量也较少。

n. 1 部分 2 阶层 v. 把…切成片/分成段

例 This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. 该法案废除了对联邦陪审员特殊学历的要求，并要求从社会各个阶层的民众中随机挑选陪审员。

n. 1 革命 2 天体运行

例 Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life, but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 拉尔夫·拉普森可能对机械革命给人们日常生活带来的影响做出了错误的预测，但他相信自给自足不仅是人们渴望的，也是不可避免的，这个信念得到了人们的广泛认可。

adj. 革命性的

例 A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. 一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了其革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧经过伪装后的影子。

v. 为…懊悔；对…表示遗憾 n. 懊悔；遗憾；歉意

例 Makill regretted the manner he had treated Hulcy before, that was improper and childish and he was sure that would not happen again. 马基尔为他以前对待赫尔西的态度感到抱歉，他的态度是不适当的，而且很孩子气，他保证不会再发生了。

n./v. 倾向，趋势

例 In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H＆M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. 在过去十年左右的时间里，科技的进步使得诸如Zara、H＆M和优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够更加快速地对流行趋势做出反应，并能更准确地预知（消费者的）需求。

n./v. 忽视，忽略

例 To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. 通过这个途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和他们对教会的独特看法——这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。

n./v. 1 喜爱 2 特殊照顾 3 赞同；支持

例1 Fully 76 per cent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favour of isolated, two-generation households. 在日本，1亿1,900万人当中，足足有76%的人居住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，取而代之的是独门独户的两代之家。

例2 Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. 在游说的压力之下，乔治·奥斯本支持在乡村建造新住房而非改造和翻新城市原有住房。

adj. 1 肯定的，赞许的 2 有利的

例 Our country's biotechnology industry has seen rapid development in recent years, but a more favourable environment is needed to attract investors to the capital-thirsty industry, according to a new study. 一项新的研究表明，我国的生物技术产业近年来有了快速的发展，但是这个“求资若渴”的行业还是需要更加有利的投资环境来吸引投资者进行投资。

n. 1 构成 2 化妆（品）

例 Skin moisturisers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup. 保湿霜被宣扬为每日晨间化妆的用品之一，悄悄成为梳头和上妆之间的一个程序。

n. 机构，协会，学会 v. 开始；实行

例 The experts from the Research Institute of Environmental Protection made an investigation on how to prevent air pollution and water pollution in this area. 来自环境保护调查协会的专家对如何预防这个地区的空气污染和水污染进行了调查。

n./v. 1 改变 2 移动

例 One source predicts no major shift in policy will be forthcoming at the committee hearings. 一位知情人士预测，委员会听证会不会在政策上做出重大转变。

adj. 奇异的，古怪的

例 In the night market, there are not only food and clothes, but also weird ornaments and all stuffs. 夜市不但有美食和服饰，甚至还有一些稀奇古怪的饰品和各种东西。

v. 选举；选择 adj. 1 精选的 2 候任的

例 I shall define intellectual as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. 我会把知识分子定义为这样的人，即他们选择对道德问题进行苏格拉底式的思考，并将此作为自己人生的首要任务和乐趣。

n. 选举

例 And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. 政治家的政治生命也取决于奴隶制。正是由于这个五分之三公式（在国会选举中，一个奴隶的选票可以算作五分之三个公民的选票），才增加了选举团中南方诸州的票数，从而帮助杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中险胜。

adj. 额外的；附加的 n. 额外的事物

例 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. 《科学》杂志的主编马西娅·麦克纳特今天宣布，该杂志将在同行评审程序中额外增加一轮统计数据核查。

n. 喜好；偏爱（的事物）

例 Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the advertising industry cannot collect information about their preferences. 美国广告协会首席执行官鲍勃·里奥迪斯称，如果广告行业不能收集有关用户偏好的信息，那么这对于消费者来说将更为不利。

n. 比较；对比

例 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. 对过去一个半世纪的英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较就会发现，我们不仅是对科研的主导地位的重视在不断提升，而且对一篇可接受的科研论文所含内容的定义也有所变化。

adj. 相当的，可相比的；同等的，可相提并论的

例 The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to getting into one's residence. 这位作者认为窥测一个人的手机内容等同于侵入一个人的居所。

n. 危机

例 Toyota Motor, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites. 丰田汽车公司在其汽车召回危机中，利用比较快速和精心策划的社交媒体公关活动，包括在一些网站上直接与消费者交流，减少了那次危机造成的一些损失。

v. 延长

例 The report identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonour the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 该报告指出了医院临终医护存在的两个问题，即对病痛处理不力和盲目大胆地使用“有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且强制性的医疗程序”。

adj. 生动的，逼真的，清晰的

例 The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement） sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. 匹兹堡大学的埃里克·诺夫辛格博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速眼动睡眠中，大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。

adj. 1 明确的；肯定的 2 积极的 3 建设性的

例 Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's essential to making new products commercially viable. 培养良好的习惯是改善消费者生活水平的一个重要部分，这也是使新产品具有商业可行性的必要条件。

n. 1 被捕食的动物，猎物 2 受害者，受骗者 v. 捕食

例 Time was when biologists somewhat overworded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. 有证据表明，这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持物种的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值的”物种；曾经有一段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。

n. 1 范围 2 机会 v. 了解；查清

例1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. 在过去的25年里英文报纸发生的所有变化中，影响最为深远的或许就是文艺报道的范围势不可挡地缩减，而且严肃性也不断下降。

例2 The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. 联邦巡回法院的举措是在最高法院最近颁布的一系列决议之后出现的，这些决议缩小了专利持有人的受保护范围。

n. 课程

例 To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. 为了鼓励创新和竞争，该报告呼吁加大科研投入，精心设计连贯的、能提高学生解决问题与有效沟通能力的课程，增加对教师资源的资金投入，鼓励学者们将才学用于应对当今社会的巨大挑战。

n. 线索

例 At Columbia University, Dr Linsy Farris and his colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. 哥伦比亚大学的林赛·法里斯博士和他的同事们正在研究眼泪，寻找诊断眼部以外其他部位疾病的线索。

adj. 1 差的，次的 2 级别低的 n. 下级，下属

例 This new rule resulted in overpriced and often inferior products. 这项新规定导致出现了标价过高而质量往往低劣的产品。

n. 低等；劣等；劣势

例 This view seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalisation of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. 这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当地去忽视那些需要帮助的人，去使剥削合理化，使上层人变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。

n. 评论家，批评家

例 The critics think that the new awards will most benefit the founders of the new awards. 批评者认为新的奖项将最有利于新奖项的设立者。

adj. 1 关键的 2 批评的

例 It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years. 直到20世纪80年代中期，当强调年龄和性别差异成为儿童用品市场的主要销售战略时，粉红色才真正盛行起来，成为定义女性特征的一部分，至少在最初的关键几年里是这样，它好像天生就对女孩有吸引力。

n./v. 保证

例 If you send the application form in straight away, I can guarantee you an interview. 如果你马上把申请表寄过去，我可以保证你会有一个面试的机会。

n./v. 牺牲

例1 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. 如果抱负要得到高度的重视，那么它的回报——财富、声望、对个人命运的掌握——则必须被认为是值得为之做出牺牲的。

例2 The designers have sacrificed speed for fuel economy. 设计者为节省燃料牺牲了速度。

n. 1 斑点；污渍 2 地点，处所 v. 看出；认出

例 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 地球上散落分布着100多个互不相连的小火山活动区，这些火山活动区被地质学家称为热点。

v. 铺，铺砌，铺筑

例 If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. 如果说政府应该在这类活动中扮演某个角色，那就是应该参与提供常规支持——确保有足够的空间作为运动场地，有充足的经费用于铺设网球场和无网篮球场，并且鼓励学校为学生提供这些活动。

n. 1 外形；轮廓 2 提纲，纲要 v. 1 画轮廓 2 概述

例 Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. 既然你已经为初步确定的论文构思了主题，就可以开始整理要点，充实已拟好的提纲了。

adj. 清醒的；有意识的；意识到的

例 And one leading authority says that dreams—these intensely powerful mental events—can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 一位主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上我们还可以有意识地对其加以控制，以帮助我们睡得更好，感觉更棒。

adj. 无知觉的；无意识的

例 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. 习惯是一件有趣的事情。我们会无意识地按习惯行事，将大脑设置为自动导航模式，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的无意识的舒适状态。

n. 意识；神志清醒

例 These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifesting"), which seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness. 这些物质常被称为“迷幻剂”（该词源于希腊语，指“心灵显现”），它们似乎能完全改变人的意识状态。

v. 给…提供娱乐/消遣

例 I need distractions. I need to amuse myself so I won't keep thinking about that thing. 我需要点事情来分散我的注意力，我需要消遣一下，让自己不去想那件事。

n. 申请人

例 If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners. 如果我们知道女性审查员更有可能拒绝有魅力的女性申请者，我们就能帮助审查员认识到她们的偏见，或者从外部聘请审查人员。

v. 1 冒犯 2 令人不适 3 违反，违背

例 By then, there will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 到那时，由机器人主持的电视访谈节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车将会出现，一旦这些汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。

adj. 代表性的，典型的

例 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three. 联邦巡回法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不再由典型的三人陪审团听审，而是由全部12名法官共同听审。

n. 1 灌溉 2 [医]冲洗

例 Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. 即使不建大型水坝，水力发电、治理洪水以及灌溉也是可能的。

v. 1 保护，保卫 2 挡住，遮住 n. 防御物；盾

例 Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. 由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。

n. 裂缝 v. 使破裂，使裂开；崩溃

例 In February, the Federal Trade Commission （FTC） and the Digital Advertising Alliance （DAA） agreed that the industry （browser R＆D industry） would get cracking on responding to DNT （"do not track"） requests. 二月份，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟达成了一致意见，即该行业（浏览器研发行业）将开始对“禁止追踪”的相关提议做出回应。

n. 设施，设备

例 My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. 我所在的医院系统已禁止在其相关设施中供应含糖饮料。

adj. 事实的，真实的

例 The documentary films are often able to present factual events or circumstances of a social, political, or historical nature. 纪录片往往能再现真实的事件或某些社会、政治、历史情况的本来面目。

n. 老百姓，平民 adj. 民用的；平民的

例 Both the two cartoonists emphasised the dirt and exhaustion of war, the fragments of civilisation that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 两位漫画家都侧重描写战争的丑陋和损耗，还有士兵之间以及他们与当地百姓共享生活的片段，即喝咖啡、抽雪茄、品威士忌、同吃同住。

v. 征服；攻克；战胜

例 Petrarch celebrated the greatness of the classical heroes in conquering fortune and rising to the top in his book De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men. 皮特拉克在其《名人列传》中歌颂了那些名垂青史的英雄们掌控自己命运并奋斗到社会顶层的伟大事迹。

v. 比…更重要；比…更有价值

例 The medical benefits of x-rays far outweigh the risk of having them. X光在医学上的益处远甚于它带来的风险。

n. 农民

例 Economic reform has brought relative wealth to peasant farmers. 经济改革给农民带来了相对的财富。

n. 简单，朴素

例 Downshifting—also known in America as "voluntary simplicity"—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. 具有讽刺意味的是，“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单化”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的，可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。

n. 突破；重大进展

例 Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. 通过研究，皮尔逊能够指出大多数可预见的突破的发生时间。

v. 完成，实现，达到

例 In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the opposite. 事实上，不同于锻炼可以拉紧肌肉使之强健，笑很明显会产生相反的作用。

n. 成就；完成

例 The accomplishment of the project gave me more motivation and confidence to continue my study. 这个项目的完成使我有更大的动力和信心继续学习。

n. 学说；理论；原理

例 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. 在英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文19世纪60年代提出开创性的生物进化论的同时，英国社会哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物和文化进化理论。

adj. 海洋的，航海的 n. 海军陆战队士兵，海运业

例 The sinking of the tanker has made aspects of marine pollution particularly topical. 油轮的沉没使得海洋污染的方方面面都成为眼下大家尤为关注的热点话题。

adj. 1 非常严重的 2 巨大的；厚重的

例 Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. 今年，几起客户和员工信息的重大泄露事件使得管理人员匆忙检查其复杂的信息系统和业务流程，以找到潜在的安全隐患。