五、集体和个体/普遍和特殊之间的推导
在AWA中还有一类常见的逻辑错误,即将个体/特殊的特质简单地套到集体(以小见大),或是将集体/普遍的特质简单地套到个体(以大见小)。这两者本质上都是同一个问题,即错误地理解了个体/特殊和集体/普遍之间的关系,误认为个体/特殊和集体/普遍的特点一定是一致的。
以小见大的典型论述方法是举例和调查研究。例如,在论述过程中以一个当地的情况或调查研究为例,得出一个广泛的结论。在此,考生就可以质疑这一例子或调研的结果是否也适用于其他地区。
以大见小包括阐述大背景,相对于以小见大,可能更不容易理解,因为大事物的特点可能更加宽泛、多样,给人一种错觉,以为可以把很多小事物的特点放进去。但是,事实上,集体特质和个体特质之间很难划上等号,因为集体的特点可能来自于个体的加权平均,即来自于平均值,而小的特点是没有经过平均的。例如,全国范围内的男女比例是7∶6,以此推出某一个小山村的男女比例也是7∶6。这个推论是有问题的,原因很简单,全国的男女比例取的是平均值,而这个小山村里可能有特殊情况,可能大部分男人都出去打工了,那么这时,这个村子里男女比例可能便不是7∶6了。
具体结合例题如下:
以小见大的情况(Day 7)
The following appeared in the health section of a magazine on trends and lifestyles:
“People who use the artificial sweetener aspartame are better off consuming sugar,since aspartame can actually contribute to weight gain rather than weight loss.For example,high levelsof aspartame have been shown to trigger a craving for food by depleting the brain of a chemical that registers satiety,or the sense of being full.Furthermore,studies suggest that sugars,if consumed after at least 45 minutes of continuous exercise,actually enhance the body’s ability to burn fat.Consequently,those who drink aspartame-sweetened juices after exercise will also lose this calorie-burning bene?t.Thus it appears that people consuming aspartame rather than sugar are unlikely to achieve their dietary goals.”
我们可以简单地用高浓度的“aspartame”所造成的情形作为例子来判断所有情况下“aspartame”是否有利吗?是否有以一概全的风险?低浓度时的情况如何呢?
以大见小的情况
The following appeared as part of an article in the education section of a Waymarsh city newspaper:
“Throughout the last two decades,those who earned graduate degrees found it very dif?cult to get jobs teaching their academic specialties at the college level.Those with graduate degrees from Waymarsh University had an especially hard time finding such jobs.But better times are coming in the next decade for all academic job seekers,including those from Waymarsh.Demographic trends indicate that an increasing number of people will be reaching college age over the next 10 years;consequently,we can expect that the job market will improve dramatically for people seeking college-level teaching positions in their?elds.”
适用于集体的一定适用于个体吗?就算整体就业形势改善,就一定能保证研究生毕业生找工作更容易了吗?有没有可能在大部分大学招聘教师的基本要求是研究生毕业生无法满足的呢?例如要求有博士以上的学位?进一步讲,研究生毕业生的就业形势改善了,Waymarsh University的学生找工作就更容易了吗?特定大学的研究生是否可能比其他大学的研究生更难找到工作?