Kubernetes权威指南:从Docker到Kubernetes实践全接触(第4版)
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3.5 Pod的配置管理

应用部署的一个最佳实践是将应用所需的配置信息与程序进行分离,这样可以使应用程序被更好地复用,通过不同的配置也能实现更灵活的功能。将应用打包为容器镜像后,可以通过环境变量或者外挂文件的方式在创建容器时进行配置注入,但在大规模容器集群的环境中,对多个容器进行不同的配置将变得非常复杂。从Kubernetes 1.2开始提供了一种统一的应用配置管理方案——ConfigMap。本节对ConfigMap的概念和用法进行详细描述。

3.5.1 ConfigMap概述

ConfigMap供容器使用的典型用法如下。

(1)生成为容器内的环境变量。

(2)设置容器启动命令的启动参数(需设置为环境变量)。

(3)以Volume的形式挂载为容器内部的文件或目录。

ConfigMap以一个或多个key:value的形式保存在Kubernetes系统中供应用使用,既可以用于表示一个变量的值(例如apploglevel=info),也可以用于表示一个完整配置文件的内容(例如server.xml=<?xml...>...)

可以通过YAML配置文件或者直接使用kubectl create configmap命令行的方式来创建ConfigMap。

3.5.2 创建ConfigMap资源对象

1.通过YAML配置文件方式创建

下面的例子cm-appvars.yaml描述了将几个应用所需的变量定义为ConfigMap的用法:

        cm-appvars.yaml
        apiVersion: v1
        kind: ConfigMap
    metadata:
      name: cm-appvars
    data:
      apploglevel: info
      appdatadir: /var/data

执行kubectl create命令创建该ConfigMap:

    $kubectl create -f cm-appvars.yaml
    configmap "cm-appvars" created

查看创建好的ConfigMap:

    # kubectl get configmap
    NAME           DATA      AGE
    cm-appvars     2         3s

    # kubectl describe configmap cm-appvars
    Name:           cm-appvars
    Namespace:      default
    Labels:         <none>
    Annotations:    <none>

    Data
    ====
    appdatadir:     9 bytes
    apploglevel:    4 bytes

    # kubectl get configmap cm-appvars -o yaml
    apiVersion: v1
    data:
      appdatadir: /var/data
      apploglevel: info
    kind: ConfigMap
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: 2016-07-28T19:57:16Z
      name: cm-appvars
      namespace: default
      resourceVersion: "78709"
      selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/configmaps/cm-appvars
      uid: 7bb2e9c0-54fd-11e6-9dcd-000c29dc2102

下面的例子cm-appconfigfiles.yaml描述了将两个配置文件server.xml和logging.properties定义为ConfigMap的用法,设置key为配置文件的别名,value则是配置文件的全部文本内容:

        cm-appconfigfiles.yaml
        apiVersion: v1
        kind: ConfigMap
        metadata:
          name: cm-appconfigfiles
        data:
          key-serverxml: |
            <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
            <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
    SSLEngine="on" />
              <Listener className=
    "org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
              <Listener className=
    "org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
              <Listener className=
    "org.apache.catalina.core.ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" />
              <GlobalNamingResources>
              <Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
                        type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
                        description="User database that can be updated and saved"
                        factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
                        pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
              </GlobalNamingResources>

              <Service name="Catalina">
              <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
                        connectionTimeout="20000"
                        redirectPort="8443" />
              <Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
              <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">
                <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">
                  <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
                        resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
                </Realm>
                <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps"
                      unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
                    <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve"
      directory="logs"
                          prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
                          pattern="%h %l %u %t &quot;%r&quot; %s %b" />

                  </Host>
                </Engine>
              </Service>
              </Server>
            key-loggingproperties:"handlers
              =1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 2localhost.org.apache.juli.
      FileHandler,
              3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 4host-manager.org.apache.juli.
      FileHandler,
              java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler\r\n\r\n.handlers= 1catalina.org.apache.
      juli.FileHandler,

      java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler\r\n\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
              = FINE\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
              = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
              = catalina.\r\n\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
              = FINE\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
              = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
              = localhost.\r\n\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
              = FINE\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
              = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
              = manager.\r\n\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
              = FINE\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
              = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.
      prefix = host-manager.\r\n\r\njava.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.level
              = FINE\r\ njava.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.formatter
              = java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter\r\n\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
      ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].level
              = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
      handlers
              = 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
      ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/manager].level
              = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
      [/manager].handlers
              = 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
      ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/host-manager].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    [/host-manager].handlers
            = 4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\n"

执行kubectl create命令创建该ConfigMap:

        $kubectl create -f cm-appconfigfiles.yaml
        configmap "cm-appconfigfiles" created

查看创建好的ConfigMap:

        # kubectl get configmap cm-appconfigfiles
        NAME                DATA      AGE
        cm-appconfigfiles   2         14s

        # kubectl describe configmap cm-appconfigfiles
        Name:           cm-appconfigfiles
        Namespace:      default
        Labels:         <none>
        Annotations:    <none>

        Data
        ====
        key-loggingproperties:  1809 bytes
        key-serverxml:          1686 bytes

查看已创建的ConfigMap的详细内容,可以看到两个配置文件的全文:

        # kubectl get configmap cm-appconfigfiles -o yaml
        apiVersion: v1
        data:
          key-loggingproperties:"handlers = 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,
    2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,
            3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler, 4host-manager.org.apache.juli.
    FileHandler,
            java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler\r\n\r\n.handlers = 1catalina.org.apache.
    juli.FileHandler,
            java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler\r\n\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.
    FileHandler.level
            = FINE\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
            = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
            = catalina.\r\n\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
            = FINE\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
            = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
            = localhost.\r\n\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
            = FINE\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
            = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
            = manager.\r\n\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
            = FINE\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
            = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.
    prefix =
            host-manager.\r\n\r\njava.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.level = FINE\r\njava.
    util.logging.ConsoleHandler.formatter
            = java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter\r\n\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
    ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    handlers
            = 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
    ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/manager].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    [/manager].handlers
            = 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
    ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/host-manager].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    [/host-manager].handlers
            = 4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\n"
          key-serverxml: |
            <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
            <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
    SSLEngine="on" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.
    JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.
    GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.
    ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" />
              <GlobalNamingResources>
                <Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
                        type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
                        description="User database that can be updated and saved"
                        factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
                        pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
              </GlobalNamingResources>

              <Service name="Catalina">
                <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
                          connectionTimeout="20000"
                          redirectPort="8443" />
                <Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
                <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">
                  <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">
                    <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
                          resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
                  </Realm>
                  <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps"
                      unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
                    <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve"
    directory="logs"
                          prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
                          pattern="%h %l %u %t &quot;%r&quot; %s %b" />

                  </Host>
                </Engine>
              </Service>
            </Server>
        kind: ConfigMap
        metadata:
          creationTimestamp: 2016-07-29T00:52:18Z
          name: cm-appconfigfiles
          namespace: default
          resourceVersion: "85054"
          selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/configmaps/cm-appconfigfiles
          uid: b30d5019-5526-11e6-9dcd-000c29dc2102

2.通过kubectl命令行方式创建

不使用YAML文件,直接通过kubectl create configmap也可以创建ConfigMap,可以使用参数--from-file或--from-literal指定内容,并且可以在一行命令中指定多个参数。

(1)通过--from-file参数从文件中进行创建,可以指定key的名称,也可以在一个命令行中创建包含多个key的ConfigMap,语法为:

        # kubectl create configmap NAME --from-file=[key=]source
    --from-file=[key=]source

(2)通过--from-file参数从目录中进行创建,该目录下的每个配置文件名都被设置为key,文件的内容被设置为value,语法为:

        # kubectl create configmap NAME --from-file=config-files-dir

(3)使用--from-literal时会从文本中进行创建,直接将指定的key#=value#创建为ConfigMap的内容,语法为:

        # kubectl create configmap NAME --from-literal=key1=value1--from-literal=
    key2=value2

下面对这几种用法举例说明。

例如,在当前目录下含有配置文件server.xml,可以创建一个包含该文件内容的ConfigMap:

        # kubectl create configmap cm-server.xml --from-file=server.xml
        configmap "cm-server.xml" created

        # kubectl describe configmap cm-server.xml
        Name:           cm-server.xml
        Namespace:      default
        Labels:         <none>
        Annotations:    <none>

        Data
        ====
        server.xml:     6458 bytes

假设在configfiles目录下包含两个配置文件server.xml和logging.properties,创建一个包含这两个文件内容的ConfigMap:

        # kubectl create configmap cm-appconf --from-file=configfiles
        configmap "cm-appconf" created

        # kubectl describe configmap cm-appconf
        Name:           cm-appconf
        Namespace:      default
        Labels:         <none>
        Annotations:    <none>
        Data
        ====
        logging.properties:     3354 bytes
        server.xml:             6458 bytes

使用--from-literal参数进行创建的示例如下:

        # kubectl create configmap cm-appenv --from-literal=loglevel=info
    --from-literal =appdatadir=/var/data
        configmap "cm-appenv" created

        # kubectl  describe configmap cm-appenv
        Name:           cm-appenv
        Namespace:      default
        Labels:         <none>
        Annotations:    <none>

        Data
        ====
        appdatadir:     9 bytes
        loglevel:       4 bytes

容器应用对ConfigMap的使用有以下两种方法。

(1)通过环境变量获取ConfigMap中的内容。

(2)通过Volume挂载的方式将ConfigMap中的内容挂载为容器内部的文件或目录。

3.5.3 在Pod中使用ConfigMap

1.通过环境变量方式使用ConfigMap

以前面创建的ConfigMap“cm-appvars”为例:

        apiVersion: v1
        kind: ConfigMap
        metadata:
          name: cm-appvars
        data:
          apploglevel: info
          appdatadir: /var/data

在Pod“cm-test-pod”的定义中,将ConfigMap“cm-appvars”中的内容以环境变量(APPLOGLEVEL和APPDATADIR)方式设置为容器内部的环境变量,容器的启动命令将显示这两个环境变量的值("env | grep APP"):

          apiVersion: v1
          kind: Pod
          metadata:
            name: cm-test-pod
          spec:
            containers:
            - name: cm-test
              image: busybox
              command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "env | grep APP" ]
              env:
              - name: APPLOGLEVEL             # 定义环境变量的名称
                valueFrom:                     # key“apploglevel”对应的值
                configMapKeyRef:
                  name: cm-appvars          # 环境变量的值取自cm-appvars:
                  key: apploglevel          # key为apploglevel
              - name: APPDATADIR              # 定义环境变量的名称
                valueFrom:                     # key“appdatadir”对应的值
                configMapKeyRef:
                  name: cm-appvars          # 环境变量的值取自cm-appvars
                  key: appdatadir           # key为appdatadir
            restartPolicy: Never

使用kubectl create -f命令创建该Pod,由于是测试Pod,所以该Pod在执行完启动命令后将会退出,并且不会被系统自动重启(restartPolicy=Never):

          # kubectl create -f cm-test-pod.yaml
          pod "cm-test-pod" created

使用kubectl get pods --show-all查看已经停止的Pod:

          # kubectl get pods --show-all
          NAME                READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
          cm-test-pod         0/1       Completed     0          8s

查看该Pod的日志,可以看到启动命令“env | grep APP”的执行结果如下:

          # kubectl logs cm-test-pod
          APPDATADIR=/var/data
          APPLOGLEVEL=info

说明容器内部的环境变量使用ConfigMap cm-appvars中的值进行了正确设置。

Kubernetes从1.6版本开始,引入了一个新的字段envFrom,实现了在Pod环境中将ConfigMap(也可用于Secret资源对象)中所有定义的key=value自动生成为环境变量:

        apiVersion: v1
        kind: Pod
        metadata:
          name: cm-test-pod
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: cm-test
            image: busybox
            command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "env" ]
            envFrom:
            - configMapRef
              name: cm-appvars      # 根据cm-appvars中的key=value自动生成环境变量
          restartPolicy: Never

通过这个定义,在容器内部将会生成如下环境变量:

        apploglevel=info
        appdatadir=/var/data

需要说明的是,环境变量的名称受POSIX命名规范([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)约束,不能以数字开头。如果包含非法字符,则系统将跳过该条环境变量的创建,并记录一个Event来提示环境变量无法生成,但并不阻止Pod的启动。

2.通过volumeMount使用ConfigMap

在如下所示的cm-appconfigfiles.yaml例子中包含两个配置文件的定义:server.xml和logging.properties。

        cm-appconfigfiles.yaml
        apiVersion: v1
        kind: ConfigMap
        metadata:
          name: cm-serverxml
        data:
          key-serverxml: |
            <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
            <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
    SSLEngine="on" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.
    JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.
    GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
              <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.
    ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" />
              <GlobalNamingResources>
                <Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
                        type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
                        description="User database that can be updated and saved"
                        factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
                        pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
              </GlobalNamingResources>

              <Service name="Catalina">
                <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
                          connectionTimeout="20000"
                          redirectPort="8443" />
                <Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
                <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">
                  <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm">
                    <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
                          resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
                  </Realm>
                  <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps"
                      unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
                    <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve"
    directory="logs"
                          prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
                          pattern="%h %l %u %t &quot;%r&quot; %s %b" />

                  </Host>
                </Engine>
              </Service>
            </Server>
          key-loggingproperties:"handlers
            = 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,
    2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,
            3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,
    4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,
            java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler\r\n\r\n.handlers =
    1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler,

    java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler\r\n\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
            = FINE\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory =
    ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
            = catalina.\r\n\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level =
    FINE\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
            = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix =
    localhost.\r\n\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level
            = FINE\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory =
    ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix
            = manager.\r\n\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level =
    FINE\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory
            = ${catalina.base}/logs\r\n4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.
    prefix =
            host-manager.\r\n\r\njava.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.level =
    FINE\r\njava.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.formatter
            = java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter\r\n\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
    ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    handlers
            = 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
    ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/manager].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    [/manager].handlers
            = 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.
    ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/host-manager].level
            = INFO\r\norg.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].
    [/host-manager].handlers
            = 4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler\r\n\r\n"

在Pod“cm-test-app”的定义中,将ConfigMap“cm-appconfigfiles”中的内容以文件的形式mount到容器内部的/configfiles目录下。Pod配置文件cm-test-app.yaml的内容如下:

        apiVersion: v1
        kind: Pod
        metadata:
          name: cm-test-app
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: cm-test-app
            image: kubeguide/tomcat-app:v1
            ports:
            - containerPort: 8080
            volumeMounts:
            - name: serverxml                    # 引用Volume的名称
              mountPath: /configfiles           # 挂载到容器内的目录
          volumes:
          - name: serverxml                      # 定义Volume的名称
            configMap:
              name: cm-appconfigfiles           # 使用ConfigMap“cm-appconfigfiles”
              items:
              - key: key-serverxml               # key=key-serverxml
                path: server.xml                 # value将server.xml文件名进行挂载
              - key: key-loggingproperties     # key=key-loggingproperties
                path: logging.properties        # value将logging.properties文件名进行挂载

创建该Pod:

        # kubectl create -f cm-test-app.yaml
        pod "cm-test-app" created

登录容器,查看到在/configfiles目录下存在server.xml和logging.properties文件,它们的内容就是ConfigMap“cm-appconfigfiles”中两个key定义的内容:

        # kubectl exec -ti cm-test-app -- bash
        root@cm-test-app:/# cat /configfiles/server.xml
        <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
        <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
        ......

        root@cm-test-app:/# cat /configfiles/logging.properties
        handlers = 1catalina.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler,
    2localhost.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler,
    3manager.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler,
    4host-manager.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler, java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler
        ......

如果在引用ConfigMap时不指定items,则使用volumeMount方式在容器内的目录下为每个item都生成一个文件名为key的文件。

Pod配置文件cm-test-app.yaml的内容如下:

        apiVersion: v1
        kind: Pod
        metadata:
          name: cm-test-app
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: cm-test-app
            image: kubeguide/tomcat-app:v1
            imagePullPolicy: Never
            ports:
            - containerPort: 8080
            volumeMounts:
            - name: serverxml               # 引用Volume的名称
              mountPath: /configfiles      # 挂载到容器内的目录
          volumes:
          - name: serverxml                 # 定义Volume的名称
            configMap:
              name: cm-appconfigfiles      # 使用ConfigMap“cm-appconfigfiles”

创建该Pod:

        # kubectl create -f cm-test-app.yaml
        pod "cm-test-app" created

登录容器,查看到在/configfiles目录下存在key-loggingproperties和key-serverxml文件,文件的名称来自在ConfigMap cm-appconfigfiles中定义的两个key的名称,文件的内容则为value的内容:

        # ls /configfiles
        key-loggingproperties  key-serverxml

3.5.4 使用ConfigMap的限制条件

使用ConfigMap的限制条件如下。

◎ ConfigMap必须在Pod之前创建。

◎ ConfigMap受Namespace限制,只有处于相同Namespace中的Pod才可以引用它。

◎ ConfigMap中的配额管理还未能实现。

◎ kubelet只支持可以被API Server管理的Pod使用ConfigMap。kubelet在本Node上通过--manifest-url或--config自动创建的静态Pod将无法引用ConfigMap。

◎ 在Pod对ConfigMap进行挂载(volumeMount)操作时,在容器内部只能挂载为“目录”,无法挂载为“文件”。在挂载到容器内部后,在目录下将包含ConfigMap定义的每个item,如果在该目录下原来还有其他文件,则容器内的该目录将被挂载的ConfigMap覆盖。如果应用程序需要保留原来的其他文件,则需要进行额外的处理。可以将ConfigMap挂载到容器内部的临时目录,再通过启动脚本将配置文件复制或者链接到(cp或link命令)应用所用的实际配置目录下。