第二章 语法

概述

一、此阶段的语法学习非常重要

这不仅是因为它是许多学校MTI考研的直接考点，而且它是语言水平和质量的重要体现，是我们做考卷其他部分时不可或缺的知识基础。较深厚的语法知识可帮助我们分析阅读理解和翻译中的长句、难句的处理，确保正确性和准确性。

如语法题：

1.No sooner____than he realized that he should have remained silent.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.the words had spoken

B.had the words spoken

C.the words had been spoken

D.had the words been spoken

本题考查no sooner...than...，常放在句首，表示强调，这时主句要倒装。话是被说出口，应该用被动。故答案选D。

2.While driving along the treacherous road,____.（北京航空航天大学2014真题）

A.my right rear tyre blew out

B.my right rear tyre had ablowout

C.I had ablowout on my right rear tyre

D.I had my right rear tyre blowout

本题考查时间状语从句省略主语与be时，从句主语必须与主句主语保持一致。从句还原是while Iwas driving along the treacherous road,故主句的主语是I。答案选C。

3.He is quite worn out from years of hard work.He is not the man____he was twenty years ago.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.which

B.that

C.who

D.whom

本题考查that引导关系从句。当关系从句的谓语为be，关系代词在从句中又作表语时，应该用that或省略。答案选B。

4.There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.what to do with

B.what to do with it

C.how to do

D.how to do it

本题考查than引导的比较结构。从句中的主语是the land，than引出后面的定语从句，在此的作用相当于than(the land which)the government knows what to do with，which代替主语the land在定语从句which the government knows what to do with中作介词with的宾语。答案选A。

5.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than____in the public mind today.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.exist

B.exists

C.existing

D.to exist

本题考查than引出后面的定语从句。从句中的主语应该是前面的anxiety,后面的over the perceived risk of mountain climbing部分作后置修饰语，修饰的是anxiety。than在此句的作用相当于than(the anxiety which)exists in the public mind today，所以答案选B。

如在翻译题中：

1.Most commonly,we come to books with blurred and divided minds,asking of fiction that shall be false,of biography that it shall be flattering,of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.(How Should One Read aBook?—Virginia Woolf)

该句为省略句，of前省略asking，避免重复。然而中文可将其还原。

参考译文：我们打开书，往往是思想模糊，头脑割裂，对其求非所予。苛求小说真实，苛求诗歌造作，要求传记美化、史书认同一己之见。

2.And speaking of freedom,is not the author free,as few men are free?Is he not secure,as few men are secure?(The Joys of Writing—Winston Churchill）

本句迷惑之处在于表面是疑问句、否定句，实则为强烈的肯定句。据此，可试译为：

至于自由，时间鲜有，却为作家独享；世人生活皆有岌岌可危之感，作家心中却独存一份安然恬淡。

如在阅读理解题中：

1.All these stories are based on similar scripts：callous doctors convert harsh criminals into docile individuals who,once operated upon,become dull and lose their critical capacities,or,conversely,neurosurgeons remodel exemplary citizens in remorseless warriors who are unstoppable from committing cruelties afterwards.

提取出句子主干All these stories are based on similar scripts：doctors convert criminals into individuals,or neurosurgeons remodel citizens in warriors.由于插入语以及定语从句等成分，使得我们对句子不能提纲挈领，拨云见雾抓住句子主干。可见，扎实的语法功底不论在美文欣赏还是在应试技巧上都必不可少。

2.Imagine all the devotees of the humanities suddenly withdrawing to amonastery,taking with them all that belongs to them;the workaday world we know would turn before our astonished faces into something bleak,dark,soundless,bare of sensuous charm,and empty of any meaning beyond that of immediate needs and their fulfillment by mechanical aids.

这是由分号连接的并列句，对于其中分号后面的句子中的谓语turn，语法知识敏感的人立即就可以看出turn后面接着的before our astonished faces是介词短语做状语修饰turn,而turn与后面的into构成搭配。这样整个句子结构就明了清楚了，意为：“我们所了解的世界就会在我们的面前惊人地变成……”如果能分析句子成分，阅读理解就可以完全达成。

二、英语语法、用法中的“一般”和“特殊”

这个层次的语法学习需切记：要把握好英语语法的一般性和特殊性的关系。以一个改错题为例：

He has takenhonors Acourses throughout his tenure at his suburban high school,has already qualifiedfor Badvance placementin Ctwo subjects and expects to qualifyfor Dseveral others.

考生往往会选择A项，因为语法的一般规律规定：当一个名词修饰另一个名词时应用原型，故honors应改为honor；但是特殊的是honors也是原型，只不过意思有些变了，honors不是“荣誉”之意而是“优等成绩”之意了。这类特殊性有：waters（大水、水域）、readings（读物）、communications（通信）、regards（致意）、apologies（歉意）、brains（智力）、damages（索赔）等等，所以我们学习语法要多查勤查，万不可想当然。尤其针对考试更是如此，因为考试特别是国内出题的考试或多或少信奉“特殊大于一般”的原则。此题答案为D，for应改为in，与前面的in two subjects中的in构成并列一致。

1.有关定冠词的一般性与特殊性

一般性：天体的名称加定冠词the。

the moon,the stars,the constellations（星座），the sun,the planet等。

特殊性：除地球以外其他行星不可以加the。

Mars（火星），Jupiter（木星），Saturn（土星），Neptune（海王星），Mercury（水星），Venus（金星），Pluto（冥王星），Uranus（天王星）。

2.有关情态动词will和shall的一般性和特殊性

一般性：shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称。

特殊性：shall亦可用于其他人称，表示讲话人的意志和决心。

如：Lincoln的The Government of the people,for the people and by the people shall never perish from the earth.（注：此处的shall要重读。）

另外，

一般说I shall see you.而其特殊性：Since Ishall be seeing you tomorrow,you can explain everything to me then.

前者句子表达讲话人的“意志”，而后者表达“事先已约定好的事。”

3.有关英语时态的一般性和特殊性

一般性：always,often,invariably这些词用于一般现在时的句子中。

特殊性：亦可用一般或过去进行时表示“不耐烦，不满”等情绪。

如：She is always complaining.

三、英语语法中的“其一”和“其他”

英研层次的语法要求同学知“其一”，更知“其他”。所谓“其一”就是人所众知的语法常识，“其他”指的是令人颇觉生疏的语法现象，只知“其一”，不知道“其他”是最有害的，因为国内考试所信奉的另一个原则就是：“其他”大于“其一”。正如Alexander Pope所言：A little knowledge is adangerous thing.往往似是而非的“其一”就成了典型陷阱。

有关词惯用法的“其一”和“其他”之辩举隅：

1.“如果”

“其一”（一般性）：if

“其他”（特殊性）：suppose/supposing/assuming/providing/provided that/on condition that/do…and…/should/were/had/but for

如：

1）suppose(that)(conj.)

Suppose you are in acity where you are astranger,what will you do?

假如你到了一个完全陌生的城市里，你会怎么做？

2）supposing(that)(conj.)

Supposing you were in my shoes,what would you do?

假设你处在我的境地，你怎么办？

3）assuming(that)(conj.)

Assuming(that)this is no good,what alternative is there?

假定这个不好，有其他选择吗？

4）providing/provided(that)(conj.)

Overseas students are eligible to apply for admission to almost all the courses in British universities,provided they have the necessary qualifications.

海外学生，只要具备必要的资格，都有条件申请学习英国大学的几乎所有课程。

5）on condition that(adv.;conj.)

He was employed by acompany in Chicago on condition that he should move into the city.

他被芝加哥的一家公司录用，条件是他得搬到芝加哥去。

6）do...and...

Care for others and others will love you.

多关心下别人，别人会喜欢你。

7）should(aux.)

Should you need my help again,just give me aring.

如果你需要我的帮助，就给我打个电话。

8）were（虚拟倒装）

Were you to ask him,he might help you.

如果你请他帮忙，他也许会帮助你。

9）had（aux.虚拟倒装）

Had he taken alittle more time to think,he might have acted more sensibly.

如果他能多考虑考虑，他可能做得更明智些。

10）but for=were it not for

He could have failed in his business but for your help.

要不是有你帮他，他的经营就失败了。

2.“尽管”

“其一”：although,even though（尽管）

“其他”：

1）for all(that)(adv.;conj.)

For all(that)he has lots of money,he’s far from being happy.

尽管他腰缠万贯，但他并不快乐。

2）notwithstanding(that)(adv.;conj.;prep.)

Notwithstanding(that)the weather was bad,we pushed on.

尽管天气恶劣，我们明天也得出发。

The end of the Cold War notwithstanding,the world is still adangerous place.

尽管冷战已经结束，但世界仍然处在危险之中。

3）as(conj.)

Lover of town as Iam,I realize that Iowe adebt to my early country life.

尽管我爱城市，但我知道，以往的乡村生活使我受益匪浅。

4）be+主语+...（常用be it/that）：不管，尽管

I accept that he is old and frail,be that as it may,he’s still agood politician.

我承认他年事已高，身体虚弱，但尽管如此，他仍然是一位杰出的政治家。

The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.

每天的业务，不管是销售还是运送货物，都进行得非常顺利。

3.advise

“其一”（一般）：

1）advise sb.to do sth.

You are strongly advised to take out medical insurance when visiting America.

强烈建议您去美国之前买医疗保险。

2）advise+that clause

Experts advise that sunscreen be reapplied every one to two hours.

专家建议每一到两小时都要涂一次防晒霜。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）advise sb.against sth.

After he recovered,he advised her against going along with the crowd,of course.

他恢复以后建议她不要和那群人来往。

2）advise+n.(n.p./p.+g./g.)

The makers advise extreme caution when handling this material.

制造者建议在处理这种物质时一定要极为小心。

I advised(you)waiting until tomorrow.我建议（你们）等到早晨。

3）advise+on

She has been asked to advise on training the new sales team.

她被邀请来为新销售队伍的培训提供建议。

4）advise+of(=to tell)

We’ll advise you of any changes in the delivery dates.

如果递送日期有任何变化我们将通知您。

be well/ill advised to do sth.(be wise/unwise to do sth.)

You would be well advised to stay in bed and rest.卧床休息一下很明智。

4.agree

“其一”（一般）：

1）agree that

Most people nowadays would agree that agood pub is one of our best traditions.

一个好酒馆是我们传统的重要体现，现在大多数人都同意这点。

2）agree with sb.

If she felt he was right,she would agree with him.

如果她觉得他是对的那她就会同意他。

3）agree with（一致）

Your story doesn’t agree with what the police have told us.

你说的和警方告诉我们的可不一致啊。

4）agree with（同意）

I have never agreed with animal experimentation.我从没有支持过用动物做实验。

5）agree on/about

It’s the budget that the President and Congress cannot agree on.

总统和国会在预算问题上有分歧。

6）agree to do sth.

The conservatives surprised everyone by agreeing to defy the government and overspend by almost as much as ten million dollars.

保守党决定违背政府并超支一千万美元，真是令每个人都感到震惊。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）agree to sb.doing

My sister won’t agree to our mother going into anursing home.

我姐姐不会同意把妈妈送到养老院的。

2）agree on+wh-

They managed to agree on when to start the program.

他们已经商量好何时开始项目了。

3）agree in

They agree in their taste.他们志趣相投。

The two parties agreed in changing agovernment.两党一致同意更换政府。

5.ask

“其一”（一般）：

1）ask sb.about sth.

They’ll probably just ask you about your education and work experience.

他们很可能只问问你的学历和工作经历。

2）ask for

Some people find it difficult to ask for help.有人在需要帮助时觉得很难开口求助。

3）ask sb.to do sth.

Would you ask the visitors not to park their cars in front of the entrance?

能告诉来宾不要将车停放在入口前么？

4）ask sth.of sb.

You have no right to ask anything of me.你没权力要我做什么。

5）ask...if...could

Betty’s been asking me if she could take the dog out for awalk.

贝蒂一直问我能不能带狗出去遛遛弯。

6）ask...if...would

She asked me if Iwould leave early.她问我愿不愿意早一点走。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）ask for sb(want to talk to)

There’s someone at the door asking for Dad.门口有人要和爸爸说话。

2）be sb.for the asking

With three years’experience behind her,the promotion was Kate’s for the asking.

凭着三年的工作经验，凯特只要申请就肯定会得到升职。

3）ask too much/a lot of sb.

Expecting the children to do an hour’s homework after school is asking alot of them.

放学后让孩子做一个小时的功课实在是要求得过多。

4）ask after sb.

She appreciated it when you asked after her elderly father this morning.

今早你对他父亲的问候使她很高兴。

6.believe

“其一”（一般）：

1）believe

Labour still believes that it has abetter story about its own plans for improving public services than the Tories.工党仍然认为他们提高公共服务的计划比保守党好。

2）believe in

You’ve got to believe in yourself,or you’ll never succeed.不相信自己就不会成功。

We believe in letting everyone have the right to see their own medical records.

我们认为每个人都有权利去看他们的医疗记录。

Do you believe in God?你信神么？

“其他”（特殊）：

believe sb.to do sth.

The police believed the robbers to have escaped via Heathrow Airport.

警方认为强盗们是从希思罗机场逃跑的。

7.concentrate

“其一”（一般）：

1）concentrate on

Sherman sat hunched forward and staring through the windshield,trying to concentrate on the traffic.谢尔曼身体前倾紧盯窗外，尽力注视着交通状况。

2）concentrate in/at

Radium is readily absorbed into the body where it concentrates in the bone marrow and gives off very damaging alpha particles.镭已经完全被身体吸收，集中在骨髓之中，向外放射着极为有害的阿尔法粒子。

“其他”（特殊）：

concentrate to do sth.

You must concentrate to do this.要做好这项工作你就必须专心致志。

8.consider

“其一”（一般）：

1）consider+n./g.

The mayor needs to consider local residents when she decides where to put the new stadium.

市长在决定新的运动场的位置时需要考虑当地居民。

Have you considered getting anew car?想过买一辆新车么？

2）consider sb./sth.to be

The society had become so perverted by power and corruption that honest people were considered to be stupid.社会被权力与腐败所扭曲，以至于那些诚实的人反被认为是愚蠢的。

3）consider+that clause

The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.

当地机关认为那所学校没有达到要求。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）consider sth.sth.

I would consider it an honor to serve on the Executive Committee.

为执委工作真是我的荣幸。

2）consider yourself lucky/fortunate(=believe you are lucky,etc.)

Consider yourself lucky you weren’t in the car at the time.你当时不在车中真是幸运。

3）consider+n.

Henry considered the sculpture with an expert eye.亨利用专家的眼睛凝视着雕塑。

9.decide

“其一”（一般）：

1）decide to do

Tina’s decided to go to Prague for her holidays.蒂娜决定假期去布拉格。

2）decide that

The parents decided that Sean might be more successful elsewhere,so they enrolled him in arecommended local private school.父母认为肖恩在别的地方也许会更加出色，所以他们让他上了当地一所备受推崇的私立学校。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）decide on

We couldn’t decide on anew color for the kitchen,so we left it white.

我们决定不了给厨房刷什么颜色，就只好留着白色。

2）decide against/in favor of

For asecond he thought about using his gun,but decided against it.

一瞬之间他想用他的枪，但随后又放弃了。

10.have,help,let,make,get——“使”类动词，注意有没有to

“其一”（一般）：

1）have

I’ll have the bellboy take up your bags.我让侍者帮您拿包。

2）help（可有可无to）

The union thus helps people develop agreater sense of money management.

协会以此帮助人们提高了理财的意识。

3）let

So let us look at what factors appear to affect the performance of individuals in their jobs.

那么就让我们看看有哪些因素影响了个人在工作之中的表现吧。

4）make

The vet put something down the dog’s throat to make it vomit.

兽医往狗的喉咙里灌了些东西让它呕吐。

“其他”（特殊）：

get sb.to do sth.

Parents learn ways to talk to and carry ababy to get it to stop crying.

父母学习与婴儿交流和抱他的方法以让他停止大哭。

11.“防止”

“防止”类动词，注意所跟介词及动词的形式。

stop/discourage/prevent/ban/bar/block/prohibit/keep/dissuade/disqualify/distract/divert/enjoin/exclude/exempt/hinder/hold back/preclude/protect/restrain/restrict/forbid

“其一”（一般）：

1）stop

When Iasked Jasper what had stopped him from accepting these large offers,the question startled him.当我问到杰斯帕是什么阻止他接受那些慷慨的施与时，他被我的问题吓坏了。另外，stop还有个特殊性，就是stop sb.doing。

2）discourage

If this report that the army is planning acoup is serious,then the army must be discouraged from doing that.如果那份关于军队正在计划实施政变的报告是严肃的，那么一定要阻止他们。

3）prevent

There were reports that some people had been prevented from voting in the election.

有报告称一些人在选举中投票时受到阻挠。

4）ban

The government has banned public officials from accepting gifts from foreigners.

政府严禁公务员接受外国人的礼物。

5）bar

The fans were barred from ever attending football matches in England again.

这些球迷在英格兰被永远禁止到场观看足球比赛。

6）block

Drugs that block acetylcholine from interfering with memory.

防止乙酰胆碱影响记忆力的药物。

7）prohibit

GM yesterday announced anew policy prohibiting its managers from discussing specific companies with the media.

昨天通用公司出台新政策，防止本公司经理对媒体议论某些公司。

8）keep

Still,the only thing ever kept me from doing in sports was being afootball referee.

不过始终阻止我当足球运动员的唯一原因是我是裁判。

9）dissuade

But none of these horrors had dissuaded Godolphin from travelling in the Reconciled Dominions.但是这些恐惧都没有阻止戈多尔芬在和解领土上的旅行。

10）disqualify

They can also be disqualified from acting as directors of companies in the future.

他们也可能被取消在未来担当公司经理的资格。

11）distract

Not that his pursuers would be distracted from finding him by such petty secrecy.

他的追随者们不会因为这点小秘密而转移注意力不去找他。

12）divert

Shrub roses were trussed to let people pass;signs erected to divert visitors from seeing the non-scenic compost heap.玫瑰丛被捆在一起方便人们通过，立起的牌子使人们的注意从伤风景的肥料堆上移开。

13）enjoin

The defendant was enjoined from using the patent.被告被判无权使用专利。

14）exclude

Potter was excluded from military service due to his poor eyesight.

伯特因为视力不佳未能去军队服役。

15）exempt

Prisons are exempt from having regular visits from environmental health officers.

不允许环境健康官员对犯人进行定期的访问。

16）hinder

The lowering clouds hindered their aircraft from bombing and strafing his men and made parachuting supplies to their beleaguered garrison nearly impossible.低空云层阻止了飞机的轰炸和扫射，并几乎使给他们被围攻的要塞空运补给成为不可能。

17）hold back

Republicans have expressed interest in the plan but have held back from making acommitment.共和党人已经表示对计划感兴趣，但是他们还不能给出什么承诺。

18）preclude

Jehovah’s Witnesses’religious beliefs precludes them from undertaking compulsory national service.耶和华目击证人们的宗教信仰使他们无法为国家提供必需的服务。

19）protect

It was just that Iwanted,foolishly,to protect you from being hurt by the cruel world.

我只是愚蠢地希望保护你不让你受残酷世界的伤害。

20）restrain

His arm was hurting him and he had to be restrained from doing too much.

他胳膊很疼，不得不少做一些。

21）restrict

Can the school board restrict teachers from expressing their views?

校董事会可以限制老师表达他们的观点吗?

“其他”（特殊）：

forbid（接to do形式）

Post office rules forbid employees to accept tips.邮政法规禁止员工收取小费。

而被动则不然，如：

Women are forbidden from going out without aveil.女子如果不带面纱就不允许出门。

12.“当做”

“当做”类动词：regard,refer,remember,count,look on,see

“其一”（一般，必须加as）：

1）regard

Though20years old,the book is still regarded as the authority on the subject.

20年了，这本书仍然被认为是这个学科中的权威。

2）refer

Medieval texts refer to it as one of the fifty-one most sacred places for Hindus.

中世纪的文献称这里是印度51个最神圣的地方之一。

3）remember

Johnson wanted to be remembered as“the education president.”

约翰逊希望被人们纪念为“教育总统”。

4）count

I think Mexico should be counted as part of Central America.

我认为墨西哥应该被算作中美洲的一部分。

5）look on

You’ve got to remember that at the time,deregulation was looked on as an open cash-register.

你必须记住，在那个时候违反常规被认为是摇钱树。

6）see

Climbers see the Himalayas as the final frontier.

攀登者们视喜马拉雅山为最后的边界。

7）choose

The company has chosen London as its base.公司选伦敦作为根据地。

8）intend

The Ministry of Agriculture statement said that the warning had been intended as preventative advice.农业部的声明称这个警告只是一个预防性的通知。

此类动词还有：

accept/acknowledge/adopt/bill/brand/cast/categories/characterize/classify/condemn/confirm/construe/count/define/denounce/depict/describe/diagnose/disguise/dismiss/enlist/establish/give/hail/have/identify/install/interpret/know/mean/perceive/portray/present/recognize/regard/represent/scorn/see/suggest/take as/for/treat/use/view

其二（特殊——没有as）：

1）consider

He is currently considered the best British athlete.他被认为是眼下英国最好的运

动员。

Nevertheless,green manuring should not be considered as ameans of stimulating quick plant growth.但是，绿色施肥不应被认为是一种刺激植物生长的方法。

2）make（注：make没有as）

The President has made Lloyd Bentsen his Secretary of the Treasury.

总统任命劳埃德本森为财政部大臣。

3）name

The magazine has named Bonnie Fuller as deputy editor.

邦妮富勒被任命为杂志副主编。

It named Thomas Ashmore president of the top-10-market organization,which will be based in Dallas.托马斯阿施莫被任命为将建立在达拉斯的top-10-market机构的

主席。

4）label

Campbell has labeled the commission’s recommendations as sheer nonsense.

坎贝尔称委员会的推荐纯属废话。

The newspapers had unjustly labeled him atroublemaker.

报纸不公正地称其为麻烦制造者。

5）appoint

They have appointed Jane Green as their new East Coast manager.

他们任命简·格林为东海岸的新经理。

The board appointed her the chief operating officer of the company.

董事会任命她为公司的首席执行官。

6）ordain

The church voted to allow women to be ordained(as)priests.

教会投票批准妇女成为牧师。

此类动词还有：designate,elect,imagine,nominate,proclaim,rate,report.

13.mean

“其一”（一般）：

1）“Downsizing”simply means that firms are tending to buy smaller computers to do jobs which used to require big ones.

“缩小化”意味着公司倾向于购买小型电脑来做那些以前要靠大机器才能完成的任务。

2）Bush’s tax cuts and the slowing economy mean that Pentagon policy choices will have to be made this year.布什的减税与经济的放慢意味着五角大楼的政策选择必须在今年完成。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）You are meant to fill in atax form every year.你该每年都填一份税务表。

2）I meant you to get it but Iforget to tell you.我原打算让你把它拿来，但是忘了告诉你。

14.intend

“其一”（一般）：

1）Her lawyers stated that they intended to call at least five witnesses.

她的律师称她们决定叫至少5个证人。

2）The book is intended for children aged5-7.这本书的对象是5到7岁的孩子。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）I didn’t intend her to see the painting until it was finished.

我不想在画完这幅画前让她看到它。

2）The comment was not intended as aput-down but simply astatement of fact.

这个评论不是有意贬低，只是实事求是罢了。

15.succeed

“其一”（一般）：

succeed in

In one year,we’ve succeeded in increasing profits by40%.

一年之中我们成功地使利润提高了百分之四十。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）make asuccess of

Both have made asuccess of their lives,both are very affectionate and both have children and happy marriages.两人都非常的成功，充满挚爱之情，有孩子和完满的婚姻。

2）have success with

She has great success with the boys.她在男孩子面前吃得很开。

3）succeed sb.as sb.

Wolcott will succeed Dr.Johansen as director of the museum next year.

明年沃尔考特将接任汉森博士出任博物馆馆长。

4）succeed to the throne

When Edward VI succeeded to the throne,he was only nine years old.

爱德华五世九岁便继承了王位。

16.suspect

“其一”（一般）：

1）suspect sb.

Although they were in the area on the day of the robbery,no one suspected them.

尽管抢劫案发生当天他们都在那里，但是没有人怀疑他们。

2）suspect sth.

A man has been found dead in his home and the police suspect foul play.

一个男人死在家中，警方怀疑这是场谋杀。

3）suspect that clause

He suspected Hubert had erred in some way,but did not care to ask.

尽管他怀疑休伯特在哪错了，但他没有过问。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）suspect sb.of sth.

Both men had originally been suspected of Brown’s murder.

两人一开始都被怀疑谋杀了布朗。

2）suspect sb.to do sth.

The police suspected the driver to have murdered the singer.

警方怀疑是司机杀害了那位歌手。

17.take

“其一”（一般）：

take to be

The parents took the young man to be ateacher.家长把那个年轻人当成老师了。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）take to sth.

Charles was an odd character whom Kelly had never really taken to.

查尔斯性格古怪，凯利从来都没有喜欢过他。

2）take up sth.

We are not very good at French.We only took it up recently.

我们法语不怎么好，最近才开始学。

3）She took my saying in very bad part.她认为我说的话不怀好意。

18.inversion倒装

“其一”（一般）：

1）否定性状语前置表示强调

Under no circumstances are you to leave the house.你绝对不能离开这幢房子。

In no country will you be offered stranger coffee than in England.在任何国家你也不会喝到比在英国喝到的更奇特的咖啡。

2）to such用在肯定句中的倒装

To such straits was he reduced by his extravagance that he took to begging.

他因为挥霍浪费弄到这等境地，竟然开始要起饭来。

3）引用时

“Well Inever!”remarked my grandfather.“喔，我决不！”爷爷说道。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）肯定句中的状语前置

In front of me lay the whole valley like an untouched paradise on earth.

展现在我们面前的整个山谷，犹如一个无人到过的人间天堂。

2）副词提前

Off you go!你走开！

Down fell aclutter of cartons and boxes.乱七八糟的一堆纸匣和木箱倒了下来。

总而言之，语言规则性反映出语言的稳定性和保守性；而语言的反规则性则反映语言的求变性和革命性。后者是语言变化的动因，使语言成为不断变化的，吐旧纳新，兼容并蓄的知识和文化的载体。而对考试而言要时刻牢记：语言实际上只有两个规则：一是规则，二是反规则。从某种意义上讲“反规则”更为生动，更为重要，尤其是对应考试这件事。故有必要再重申一遍考试的原则：“特殊”大于“一般”，要知“其一”，更要知“其他”。