2.20 [45] 景公路寝台成逢于何愿合葬晏子谏而许

齐景公修成路寝台，逢于何希望父母合葬，晏子进谏而被准许

【原文】

景公成路寝之台，逢于何遭丧，遇晏子于途，再拜乎马前。晏子下车挹之，曰：“子何以命婴也？”对曰：“于何之母死，兆在路寝之台牖下，愿请命合骨。”晏子曰：“嘻！难哉！虽然，婴将为子复之，适为不得，子将若何？”对曰：“夫君子则有以，如我者侪小人，吾将左手拥格，右手梱心，立饿枯槁而死，以告四方之士曰：‘于何不能葬其母者也。’”晏子曰：“诺。”遂入见公，曰：“有逢于何者，母死，兆在路寝，当（如之何）〔牖下〕？愿请合骨。”公作色不说，曰：“〔自〕古（之）及今，子亦尝闻请葬人主之宫者乎？”晏子对曰：“古之人君，其（室宫）〔宫室〕节，不侵生（民）〔人〕之居，〔其〕台榭俭，不残死人之墓，故未尝闻诸请葬人主之宫者也。今君侈为宫室，夺人之居，广为台榭，残人之墓，是生者悉忧，不得安处，死者离易，不得合骨。丰乐侈游，兼傲生死，非人君之行也。遂欲满求，不顾细民，非存之道〔也〕。且婴闻之，生者不得安，命之曰蓄忧；死者不得葬，命之曰蓄哀。蓄忧者怨，蓄哀者危，君不如（详）〔许〕之。”公曰：“诺。”晏子出，梁丘据曰：“自古及今，未尝闻求葬公宫者也，若何许之？”公曰：“削人之居，残人之墓，凌人之丧，而禁其葬，是于生者〔无〕施，于死者无礼。《诗》云：‘谷则异室，死则同穴。’吾敢不许乎？”逢于何遂葬其母路寝之牖下，解衰去绖，布衣縢履，玄冠芘武，踊而不哭，躃而不拜，已乃涕洟而去。

【今译】

齐景公命人修好了路寝台，有个叫逢于何的人遇上了丧事，他在路上遇到晏子，在马前拜了两拜。晏子下车作揖还礼，问道：“您有什么事情让我去做吗？”逢于何回答说：“我的母亲去世了，墓穴在路寝台的墙下面，我请求将父亲母亲合葬。”晏子说：“唉！难啊！即便如此，我仍然要替您向国君禀报，如果偏巧得不到同意，您将怎么办呢？”逢于何回答说：“君子总会有办法的，像我这样的普通百姓，只能左手扶着灵车，右手捶着胸口，站在那里饥饿枯槁而死，用这种方式告诉天下人说：‘逢于何是不能埋葬母亲的人。’”晏子说：“知道了。”于是进宫去见景公，说：“有一个叫逢于何的人，他的母亲去世了，墓穴在路寝台的墙下面，他请求将父亲和母亲合葬。这件事应该怎么处理？”景公听后变了脸色，不高兴地说：“从古至今，您听说过请求把死人埋葬在君主宫殿中的事吗？”晏子回答说：“古时候的君王，他们的宫室很狭小，不侵占百姓的居所，他们的台榭很朴素，不破坏死人的坟墓，所以没有听说过请求把死人埋葬在君主宫殿中的事。现在您修建奢华的宫殿，侵夺了百姓的居所，大量修筑亭台廊榭，破坏了死人的坟墓，这就使得活着的人忧愁，没有地方安居，死了的人分离，得不到合葬。纵情享乐游玩，对活人和死人都傲慢轻视，这不是君王的行为。只顾满足自己的欲望和要求，不顾百姓，这不是保存国家的方法。而且我听说，让活人得不到安居，叫作积蓄忧愁；让死人得不到安葬，叫作积蓄哀痛。积蓄忧愁导致怨恨，积蓄哀痛导致危亡，您不如答应他的要求。”景公说：“好吧。”晏子出去后，梁丘据说：“从古至今，没听说过请求把死人埋在国君宫里的，您为什么要答应呢？”景公说：“削夺百姓的居所，破坏百姓的坟墓，侵犯百姓的丧事，而又禁止他合葬父母，这样做对生者是没有施恩，对死者是无礼。《诗经》里说：‘活着的时候不能住在一起，死去之后也要葬在一起。’我怎么能不答应呢？”逢于何于是就把他的母亲葬在路寝台的墙下，他解下丧服，穿上布衣藤鞋，戴上黑色的帽子，紫草结带，极为哀伤但没有痛哭，扑倒在地而没有下拜，葬礼结束之后才流着眼泪离开。

Duke Jing completed the terrace over the Road Bedchamber. Peng Yuhe,^[2] who was experiencing the loss of a loved one,met Yanzi on the road and bowed twice in front of his horses. Yanzi stepped down from his carriage,folded his hands in salute,and said: “What is it that you command me to do,Sir?”

Peng Yuhe replied: “M y mother died and the gravesite is below the wall^[3] of the terrace over the Road Bedchamber. I would like to ask the Duke to issue an order allow ing me to mingle her bones with those of my father.”

Yanzi said: “Oh! That is very difficult! Even so,I w ill report the matter to him for you. And if,by chance,you are not granted permission,what would you do?”

Peng Yuhe answered: “A man of noble character would have the means to act; a man like myself is merely a person of no account. I would hold the cross-pole of the hearse w ith my left hand and beat upon my heart w ith my right hand,stand and starve until I w ithered and died,in order to make it clear to the officers of all four quarters: ‘Yuhe is a person who was unable to bury his mother.’”

Yanzi said: “Very well.” Thereupon,he went to his audience with the Duke and said: “There is a man named Peng Yuhe; his mother died and her gravesite is situated below the wall of the Road Bedchamber. I would like to ask for your permission to let him mingle the bones.”

The Duke’s facial expression revealed his displeasure and he said: “From antiquity until today,have you ever heard of anyone asking to conduct a burial on the grounds of the sovereign’s palace?”

Yanzi answered: “The palaces and the halls of the rulers of ancient times were modest and did not encroach upon the dwellings of the people living in them.^[4] Their terraces and terrace-halls were modest and did not harm the tombs of the dead. That is why no one has ever heard of someone asking to be allowed to conduct a burial in the grounds of the palace of the sovereign. But now you,my Lord,are building palaces and halls extravagantly,and you rob the people of their dwellings. You build terraces and terrace-halls on a grand scale and destroy the tombs of the people. The living are aggrieved and worried and cannot live in peace,while the dead are separated from each other and their bones cannot be m ingled. An excess of pleasure and extravagant excursions and show ing haughty disregard for the living and the dead alike are not a ruler’s proper conduct. Follow ing one’s desires and satisfying one’s own demands w ithout caring for the common people is not the way to survive. Furthermore,I have heard that if the living cannot obtain peace of mind,this is called ‘accumulating sorrow.’If the dead cannot be buried,this is called ‘accumulating grief.’ He who accumulates sorrow will inspire resentment; he who accumulates grief w ill be in peril. My Lord,it would be better to permit his request.”

The Duke said: “Very well.” A fter Yanzi went out,Liangqiu Ju said: “From antiquity until the present day,I have never heard of anyone asking to conduct a burial in the grounds of the palace of his Duke. Why did you permit it?”

The Duke said: “Cutting off the dwellings of the people and destroying their tombs,humiliating people in mourning and preventing burials means not granting favors to the living and not perform ing the rites for the dead. As it says in the Odes:

‘During their lifetime they lived in separated chambers,

But in death they were buried in the same grave.’^[5]

How would I presume not to perm it this?” Thereupon,Peng Yuhe buried his mother under the wall of the Road Bedchamber. He took off his mourning garment and removed the mourning band. He clad himself in plain clothes and wore straw sandals and a dark hat w ith white ribbons. Then,w ithout weeping,he stamped on the ground and beat his breast w ithout bow ing. When he had finished w ith this,he burst into tears and left.

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注释

[1]Item 2.20 [45] ↔ Item 7.11 [181].

[2]An unidentified figure.

[3]牖→墉 (JS,150/5).

[4]For an identical view of the w ay the ancients built their dwelling houses,see Mozi,1.6/20-27.

[5]Shijing,73/33/28.