三、选择题题型分类及解题技巧

英语专四阅读理解考核指标一般主要体现在以下四个方面：（1）对中心思想的把握；（2）对细节的关注；（3）语言解读能力；（4）推理判断能力。所以在选择题的设计上，一般都会有这五类题型：主旨题、细节题、推理题、态度题和语义题。下面分析一下解答这几种常见题型的具体策略和方法。

（1）主旨题

主旨题主要考查考生对文章的主题思想、作品的基调以及文章大意的理解和掌握。经常出现的提问方式有：

What is the best title for the passage?

What is the passage mainly concerned with?

What does the passage mainly discuss?

What is the main topic of the passage?

Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?

Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?

From the passage,we can conclude that____________.

解题技巧：主旨题的题型很容易判断，但是做起来却不容易。考生一定要准确捕捉文章的主题思想和作者的写作意图。其主要判断方法有两种：第一，依据主题句来判断。英语中基本上每篇文章都有主题句，文章中的每一段也有主题句，主题句通常在文章的开头或结尾，位于文章中间的情况也有，但不多。第二，为了快速得出答案，可用排除法来解题。通常出题人设置的选项不一定每个都具有很强的干扰性，所以要迅速找出某些选项的漏洞或者不确切的地方，缩小选择范围，最后锁定答案。例如：

I was standing in my kitchen wondering what to have for lunch when my friend Taj called.

“Sit down,” she said.

I thought she was going to tell me she had just gotten the haircut from hell.I laughed and said,“It can't be that bad.”

But it was.Before the phone call,I had 30 years of retirement saving in a “safe” fund with a brilliant financial guru.When I put down the phone,my savings were gone.I felt as if I had died and,for some unknown reason,was still breathing.

What is the message of the passage?

［A］ Understanding gained is more important than money lost.

［B］ It is natural to see varied responses to financial crises.

［C］ Desire for money is human nature.

［D］ One has to be decisive during crises.

Since Bernie Madoff's arrest on charges of running a $65 million Ponzi scheme,I've read many articles about how we investors should have known what was going on.I wish I could say I had reservations about Madoff before “the Call”,but I did not.

On New Year's Eve,three weeks after we lost our savings,six of us Madoff people gathered at Taj's house for dinner.As we were sitting around the table,someone asked,“If you could have your money back right now,but it would mean giving up what you have learned by losing it,would you take the money or would you take what losing the money has given you?”

My husband was still in financial shock.He said,“I just want the money back.” I wasn't certain where I stood.I knew that losing our money had cracked me wide open.I'd been walking around like what the Buddhists call a hungry ghost:always focused on the bite that was yet to come,not the one in my mouth.No matter how much I ate or had or experienced,it didn't satisfy me,because I wasn't really taking it in,wasn't absorbing it. Now I was forced to pay attention.Still,I couldn't honestly say that if someone had offered me the money back,I would turn it down.

But the other four all said that what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable,and they didn't think it would have become apparent without the ground of financial stability being ripped out from underneath them.

My friend Michael said,“I'd started to get complacent.It's as if the muscles of my heart started to atrophy.Now they're awake,alive—and I don't want to go back.”

These weren't just empty words.Michael and his wife needed to take in boarders to meet their expenses.Taj was so broke that she was moving into someone's garage apartment in three weeks.Three friends had declared bankruptcy and weren't sure where or how they were going to live.

解析：答案A。通读全文可知，文章前半部分均在叙述作者的遭遇，只是在倒数第二至第四段谈及作者和朋友对此遭遇的看法。由倒数第四段中的Now I was forced to pay attention，倒数第三段中的what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable和倒数第二段中的“Now they're awake,alive—and I don't want to go back”可推知A概括全文主旨，所以正确。而B为客观现象，并非作者想表达的意图；C观点偏颇，与原文不符；D强调危机中的“决断性”，而原文强调的是对待危机的态度，故均被排除。

（2）细节题

细节题主要考查考生对文章中具体信息的理解程度，如具体的时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、数字、方式等，问题通常会以What,Why,Where,How,How many(much,long) 等疑问词或词组开头，常见的提问方式如下：

The writer mentions the case of…to justify-.

The example of…is used to-.

The writer argues…because-.

According to the passage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how…?

The study shows that-.

From the first three paragraphs,we learn that-.

The direct/main reason for…is that-.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT (CORRECT) according to the passage?

The writer wants to prove with the example of…that-.

What does the example of…show/illustrate?

解题技巧：细节题是阅读理解选择题中出现频率最高的题型，因此要给予高度重视。细节题考查考生对文章中事实细节的把握，考生应对文章中的细微之处给予充分的重视。在形式上，细节题主要有两种，一种是正选，即问什么答什么；另一种是反选，即选择与文章内容不相符的一项，通常会出现INCORRECT或EXCEPT等词语。由于考试时考生精神高度紧张，时常有读错题的情况发生，因此养成认真读题、冷静判断、准确作答的习惯至关重要。具体的解题方法就是要快速浏览文章的段落，找到相关内容，得出正确答案。例如：

“I'm a little worried about my future,” said Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate.He should be so lucky.All he had to worry about was whether to have an affair with Mrs.Robinson.In the sixties,that was the sum total of post-graduation anxiety syndrome.

Hoffman's modern counterparts are not so fortunate.The Mrs.Robinsons aren't sitting around at home any more,seducing graduates.They are out in the workplace,doing the high-powered jobs the graduates want,but cannot get.For those fresh out of university,desperate for work but unable to get it,there is a big imbalance between supply and demand.And there is no narrowing of the gap in sight.

The latest unemployment figures show that 746,000 of 18-24 year-olds are unemployed—a record rate of 18 percent.Many of those will have graduated this summer.They are not panicking yet,but as the job rejections mount up,they are beginning to feel alarmed.

The author begins with an episode from The Graduate in order to

［A］ support the fact that more women are working now.

［B］ show that few graduates started working right after graduation.

［C］ demonstrate that there were much fewer graduates than now.

［D］ emphasize the sharp contrast between now and then.

Of course,it is easy to blame the Government and,in particular,the target that Labour has long trumpeted—50 percent of school-leavers in higher education.That was not too smart.The Government has not only failed to meet its target—the actual figure is still closer to 40 percent—but it has raised expectations to unrealistic levels.

Parents feel as badly let down as the young people themselves.Middle-class families see their graduate offspring on the dole queue and wonder why they bothered paying school fees.Working-class families feel an even keener sense of disappointment.For many such families,getting a child into university was the fulfillment of a lifelong dream.It represented upward social and financial mobility.It was proof that they were living in a dynamic,economically successful country.That dream does not seem so rosy now.

Graduate unemployment is not,ultimately,a political problem ready to be solved.Job-creation schemes for graduates are very low down in ministerial in-trays.If David Cameron's Conservatives had a brilliant idea for guaranteeing every graduate a well-paid job,they would have unveiled it by now.It is a social problem,though a more deep-seated social problem than people perhaps realize.

解析：答案D。根据题干中的The Graduate 可以定位至第一段。根据该段提到的“‘I'm a little worried about my future,’ said Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate.He should be so lucky.All he had to worry about was whether to have an affair with Mrs.Robinson.In the sixties,that was the sum total of post-graduation anxiety syndrome.”可知，在电影《毕业生》中，达斯丁•霍夫曼说他担心他的未来，而作者说他是幸运的，因为他所要考虑的只是要不要与罗宾逊夫人有染，这就是60年代毕业生焦虑综合征的所有表现。再根据第二段第一句“Hoffman's modern counterparts are not so fortunate.”以及该段最后两句“For those fresh out of university,desperate for work but unable to get it,there is a big imbalance between supply and demand.And there is no narrowing of the gap in sight.”可知，与霍夫曼相比，现代的同龄人就没有那么幸运了，毕业生们初出校园，急切地渴望工作，却找不到，而且这种差距看不到有缩小的迹象。可见，作者旨在说明现代毕业生的就业压力之大，与过去形成鲜明的对比，所以D为正确答案。

（3）推理题

推理题对考生来讲是有一定难度的题型。它要求考生根据文章内容对所给选项进行综合判断和选择，考查的不仅是考生对文章的理解，还有考生的逻辑思维能力和对各种知识的综合运用能力。在解题时，仅仅靠捕捉字面意思是远远不够的，重要的是掌握文章的主旨大意，把每一句话都放到全篇文章中去考虑，以得出综合的判断。推理题常见的提问方式如下：

What does the passage imply?

At the end of the passage,the author seems to indicate that-.

It can be inferred from the passage that-.

On…,the author seems to suggest that we-.

解题技巧：在做推理题的时候，一定要打开思路，不能局限在文章的某一段或某个句子上，要结合上下文进行综合判断，并逐项排查，直到最后确定答案。其次，要善于抓住问题的核心，不要被选项所迷惑，而偏离了寻找正确答案的方向。所以，做好推理题的关键在于找准方向，综合理解，逐项排查，最后锁定答案。例如：

I was standing in my kitchen wondering what to have for lunch when my friend Taj called.“Sit down,” she said.

I thought she was going to tell me she had just gotten the haircut from hell.I laughed and said,“It can't be that bad.”

But it was.Before the phone call,I had 30 years of retirement saving in a “safe” fund with a brilliant financial guru （金融大亨）.When I put down the phone,my savings were gone.I felt as if I had died and,for some unknown reason,was still breathing.

What did the author learn from Taj's call?

［A］ Taj had got an awful haircut.

［B］ They had lost their retirement savings.

［C］ Taj had just retired from work.

［D］ They were going to meet for lunch.

解析：答案B。文章开头作者通过Taj的电话引出主题，到后面第三段才间接交代了电话的内容：打电话之前，我把30年的退休金(retirement saving)存到了一个“安全”基金中，放下电话后，我的退休金就没了，由此可推知作者从Taj的来电中得知，他们损失了退休金存款，故答案为B。

（4）态度题

态度题主要考查考生对文章作者或文中涉及的人物看待事物态度的理解程度，这类问题比较容易处理，但前提是考生必须对文章的语调和风格有比较清晰的认识，这样才能正确地把握作者或文中人物的态度。该类题型常见的提问方式如下：

The writer's attitude towards…can be best described as-.

How does the author feel about…?

解题技巧：从解题思路方面看，态度题也可以看作是一种推理判断题，只是因为态度题的提问方式和其他题型有着明显的不同，我们才把它单独列出来。其解题关键在于正确理解及把握作者和文章中人物的观点态度，有时可以直接从上下文中找到答案，这时该题型又可视为细节题。例如：

To attach the preparatory to the senior school these three classes were known officially,on speech days and in reports,as upper,middle,and lower second.Philip was put in the last.The master,a red-faced man with a pleasant voice,was called Rice;he had a cheerful manner with boys,and the time passed quickly.Philip was surprised when it was a quarter to eleven and they were let out for ten minutes'rest.

What was Philip's reaction to his class?

［A］ He thought class was too short.

［B］ He found his class surprising.

［C］ He seemed to have enjoyed it.

［D］ He wanted to change class.

解析：答案C。本段第三句指出，菲利普所在班级的老师叫赖斯，上课时活泼又风趣，菲利普觉得上课时间过得太快（the time passed quickly），他都没有意识到下课了（Philip was surprised when it was a quarter to eleven），由此可推断，菲利普喜欢上赖斯老师的课，所以才会觉得时间过得很快，故答案为C。“菲利普觉得时间过得快”与“菲利普觉得上课时间短”并不是一个概念，A是对原文的误解；B是根据原文中的surprised设置的干扰；D在文中没有提及。

（5）语义题

语义题主要考查考生对个别单词、短语和句子的理解，有一定难度，通常要求考生通读上下文，综合各方面的知识之后才能做出判断。常见的提问方式如下：

The phrase “…” in Paragraph…can be replaced by-.

By “…”,the author means-.

According to the context,it is most likely that the term “…” means-.

The phrase “…” in Paragraph…refers to-.

In the…paragraph,the sentence “…”means that-.

The word “…” in Paragraph…is closest in meaning to-.

解题技巧：语义题首先要求考生对构词法有一定的了解，要熟知各种词根和词缀的意思，然后根据这方面的知识来解题。例如：

Behind the texting explosion is a fundamental shift in how we view our mobile devices.That they are phones is increasingly beside the point.

Part of what's driving the texting surge among adults is the popularity of social media.Sites like Twitter,with postings of no more than 140 characters,are creating and reinforcing the habit of communicating in micro-bursts.

According to the context,which of the following is closest in meaning to “beside the point”?

［A］ Unimportant.

［B］ Unacknowledged.

［C］ Underestimated.

［D］ Undeniable.

解析：答案A。文中前一句说，在短信爆炸的背后是我们对手机看法的根本性转变（shift in how we view our mobile devices）；由常识可知，手机的通话作用（they are phones）是手机最重要的作用，而短信的流行使其发生了转变，由此不难推知，此处应该是说手机作为通话工具的重要作用“正在减弱”，故与beside the point意思最接近的应该是A Unimportant“无关紧要的”。