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句子
句子并非原本就存在，我们原先拥有的只不过是白纸上的一个个黑色单词
句子是写作意义的核心框架。 虽然单独的一个词是指“真实”世界中的事物或动作，但它们本身并没多大意义。 例如，如果你旁边的人说，
Train.
你会想，坐火车怎么样？ 有人要来吗？ 她有没有坐火车旅行？ 她喜欢火车吗？ 她是想让我看看火车还是想让我搭火车去参加她的婚礼？ 她是想让我训练她的狗吗？ 还是想让我参加训练，备战大型比赛？
在写作中，句子是必不可少的，尽管它并不是我们弄懂意思的唯一途径。 所以，这里就涉及一个题外话：我们谈的是写作，而不是演讲。因此你可能注意到我们说的话不一定成句，你可能会进行如下对话：
What about last night?
Nothing.
Nothing?
Almost. Caught a movie.
Which one?
You know, that one. With the guy.
Hah! Good?
S'alright. Kinda funny.
Take your girlfriend?
Yeah.
She like it?
Hu-huh.
Okay.
Yeah, okay.
在这个对话中，没有一句话像我们在写作中看到的那样，但这个对话是完全可以理解的。我们能明白对话的内容。，这是因为在对话过程中，大多数交流都是通过语境来进行的——也就是以正在谈话的人为参照标准——以及他们的肢体语言和语调。 在本例中，你认识你正在聊天的对象——你认识他的女朋友; 你甚至知道主演电影的“那个人”是谁。
再举一个例子，如果你和我在一张餐桌前相对而坐，我用手示意，说：“请把那个递给我，”你不会认为我是在让你把你的手机或衬衫递给我。 你会稍加思考，明白我可能是在要盐和胡椒，也许是番茄酱，这取决于我注视的方向和我手指的方向。 即使我没有明确说出“那个”是什么，我的肢体语言以及你能领会我现在最需要什么，引导你正确猜出我的要求。
那么，什么是句子？ 有时我们得知，句子是一个“完整的思想”。 然而，这是在误导大家，因为这种观点非常主观。对你来说可能是一个完整的想法，对我来说可能并不完整。
所以，什么是一个完整的句子？ 我们来给句子下个定义。有时我们会看到下面这些或类似的定义：
A way to express yourself
A group of words make a statement
A complete thought
A group of words that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period (or some other ending punctuation)
A group of words that include a subject & verb
但问题是，他们并没有真正解释什么是句子，而是解释了什么“不是句子”——或者说，区分了句子和非句子——在表达时，我们可以简单地说“Ouch!”（哎哟），“Ouch!”肯定表达了一些东西……一种痛苦的呐喊……一种感觉——有人踩到你脚趾时，你的唯一反应……但这种表达算不上一句话。
也许你曾听过有人把残缺句定义为一个“没有完整思想”的句子。在某种程度上，这种定义是正确的，但它不是一个好定义，因为它表达的不准确。“完整”是什么意思？
如果“完整”意味着 说话者/作者想表达的所有思想，那么
Ouch!
可能是一个完整的句子（虽然它不是）。 说话者或作者坚称自己表达了完整的意思，他们会辩解到，
Well, that's my complete thought ...
或者说，“完整性”的标准可能是一个句子不包含满足听众（或读者）的信息。 所以，句子
He listened.
（这是一个完整的句子）有些人可能认为这句话不完整，因为它没有指明是谁听。也有其他人认为，这句话没有说出听到的内容，以及何时听完。
但要记住一点，句子是否传达了你作为说话者或作者想传达的信息，或者传达了你作为听者想要知道的信息无法来定义句子的完整性或不完整性。
较好的定义
一个完整的句子并不在于其中包含多少信息量。我有时会给学生们看一些意思完整的句子，他们会抱怨这些句子表述不完整，他们想要更多信息。例如，下面这句表述完整的句子，
The cat sat on the mat.
根据一些学生的意见，他们需要更多的信息。 比如，什么样的猫？ 在什么时候？ 垫子是什么颜色？ 垫子在哪里？ 在垫子上还有其他东西吗……事实上，这些问题没有一个与单词是否排列成句有关。
而残缺句（不完整的句子）
On sale in stores nationwide!
对其他人而言，似乎是完整的、完全可以理解的。
那么，什么是句子？ 弄懂这个问题很重要，对学生来说，最主要的一点就是如果你写的句子不够完整，导师就会给你低分。还有另一个原因，有时你的读者会不知道你想要传达的是什么。
1、主语（名词，代词或名词短语）
2、谓语（动词）
3、独立从句（非从属分句）。
可能这些术语中有些对你来说完全陌生或是不太熟悉，所以我会做一些解释，但在我解释时，请牢记这些规则。
一个句子需要一个主语
当我们提到一个句子的主语时，我们并不是指“句子讲的什么”，如《The subject was roses》（一部1970年的电影）—— 即谈话的主题。主语与谓语（句子的“主”动词）有直接关系。 在非技术性语言中，主语是正在做某事的人、地方或事。
我希望大家能明白这点！或许我可以给你们举一些例子，尽可能地把这个知识点解释清楚。在下面的句子中，我划出了每个句子的主语。
The cat sat on the mat.
The boy hit the ball.
The dog barked.
在每个例句中，动作（谓语或动词）由句子的主语——猫、男孩、狗，实施。
在某些情况下，主语没有肢体动作。
Tom likes action movies.
I thought I did well on the test.
在某些情况下，主语甚至不会实施任何动作。比如以下几种情况：
Scout is a Golden Retriever.
She seems to be a nice dog.
Fred is late.
Joanna is tall.
Pedro looks very efficient.
看看你是否能完成以下例子。主语都已经标出：
A young man of the County Leitrim was strong and lively, and the son of a rich farmer.
His father had plenty of money, and he did not spare it on the son.
Accordingly, when the boy grew up, he liked sports better than work.
His father had no other children.
He loved his son so much.
He allowed his only son to do in everything just as he pleased.
The father was very extravagant.
The son would scatter gold money as another person would scatter salt.
The young man was seldom to be found at home.
You could be dead certain to find the son at either the horse races or a party.
The son seldom spent a night in his father’s house
He was always out rambling.
（改编自爱尔兰故事，道格拉斯·海德的《泰格·奥坎和尸体》）
因此，你会发现每个句子（He had .. He loved ... The son spent ...等等）中的主语就是那个执行主要动作的人。
练习1：划出下列句子的主语：
I was passing alone on horseback through a dreary* part of the
dreary: gloomy, dismal melancholy: sad ponder: think deeply about |
country.
At last I found myself within view of the melancholy* House of Usher.
I do not know how the house used to look.
A sense of gloom filled my spirit.
I looked upon the scene before me.
I felt an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart.
The cause was a mystery.
I pondered* the shadowy fancies that crowded upon my mind.
I reined my horse to the brink of a black and lurid hillside by the dwelling.
I gazed down on the ghostly, bare trees, and the vacant windows.
（改编自埃德加·爱伦坡：《厄舍府的没落》）
一个句子需要一个谓语（一种特殊的动词）
首先，我要解释一下什么是谓语。谓语是一种动词的特殊形式——它是句子的主要动词（或动词）。
谓语是主语正在做的那个动作。
下列句子中，带下划线的动词表示谓语（主要动词）：
The cat sat on the mat. (what is the cat doing?)
The soldier raised the flag.
We celebrated Christmas at home.
The Smiths live on Main Street.
在每个例句中，动作（谓语或动词）由句子的主语——猫、男孩、狗，实施。在某些情况下，主语没有肢体动作。下列例句中谓语皆已用线划出：
Tom likes action movies.
I thought I did well on the test.
在某些情况下，主语甚至不会实施任何动作。比如以下几种情况：
Scout is a Golden Retriever.
She seems to be a nice dog.
Fred is late.
Joanna is tall.
Pedro looks very efficient.
看看你是否能找出下列句子的谓语：
练习2：圈出下列句子中的谓语（主要动词）：
In this mansion of gloom, I now proposed to myself a visit of some weeks.
agitation = state of being agitated, upset summons = command to come, to appear; an authoritative command or request to do something |
Its proprietor, Roderick Usher, had been one of my best friends in boyhood.
However, many years had passed since our last meeting.
A letter from him had lately reached me where I lived in a distant part of the country.
The letter gave evidence of nervous agitation*.
The writer spoke of a severe illness and mentioned a mental disorder which oppressed him.
He also wrote of an earnest desire to see me, as his best and indeed his only friend.
He hinted that my company might be of help to him in his time of trouble.
It was the manner in which all this was said that allowed me no room for hesitation.
I accordingly obeyed immediately what I still considered a very strange summons*.
（改编自埃德加·爱伦坡的《厄舍府的没落》）
接下来我们把上面两类练习合为一题。
练习3：找出主语和动词。在下列句子中划出主语并圈出谓语（动词）：
Children eat too much junk food
The president signed the bill into law
You work too late at night
Bill and Marie married in June
Jose designs and builds programs for an internet site
The governor and the citizens group lobbied for a new federal law.
The real estate agent, in combination with the development company, attracted new home buyers.
He went on vacation in Thailand.
On the road 16 hours a day, Fred drove from Los Angeles to New York in three days.
Although he lived in France until he was eight, Pierre hardly speaks French at all.
（这最后一句列举了我们稍后会接触到的一种从句—— “although he lived in France until he was eight.” 这个从句本身不是一个句子——因为它不是独立从句，这意味着虽然它是句子的一个重要组成部分，但它并不是句子的“主干”。）
一个句子需要一个独立从句。
随着我们学习的深入，这一规则会更加清晰明了。但现在简单来说，独立从句是
a clause that could stand as a sentence on its own -- it contains a subject (noun or pronoun) and a predicate (a verb)
is not dependent (does not begin with a dependent or subordinating conjunction)
我们将在后面的章节中讨论从句（或非独立从句）。简而言之，一个非独立从句或从句是以从属连词开头的一个从句——比如when、if、while、whenever、because、although、though、till、until这些单词。（还有更多，但我刚说了……以后再讨论！）
现在，我将通过以下示例讲解从句：
When you understand what a dependent clause is
While you're waiting for me to finish the sentence
If you understand
Because I don't finish my sentences
这些类型的从句称之为从属从句或非独立从句；，它们是以从属连词开头（我们将在后面的章节中讨论）。这些从句不是独立的，因为它们需要补充完整——它们的非独立性是因为它们依赖于其他成分。
现在，想象一下，我正向你讲解上述内容。你在做什么？ 你在等我说完这句话——来切入主题。你会听到我几乎没说出一个完整的句子; 你察觉到我省略了句子的一部分。这些从句都是不完整的句子，因为有些成分——独立从句，已被省略。
它们不仅不完整，还很有可能会困扰你，因为你希望我把句子补完整。
观察上述从句如何补充成完整的句子：
When you understand what a dependent clause is ... |
When you understand what a dependent clause is, you will have mastered the art of writing complete sentences. |
When you understand what a dependent clause is ... |
You understand what a dependent clause is |
While you're waiting for me to finish the sentence ... |
While you're waiting for me to finish the sentence, why don't you polish your toenails? |
While you're waiting for me to finish the sentence ... |
You're waiting for me to finish the sentence. |
If you understand ... |
If you understand, raise your hand. |
If you understand ... |
You understand. |
Because I don't finish my sentences ... |
I don't finish my sentences. |
Because I don't finish my sentences ... |
You are becoming more and more irritated because I don't finish my sentences. |
所以，你不必主观判断句子是否表达出我完整的思想或感受，你只要看看它是否有这三个要素——
主语
谓语
独立从句
这些概念很重要，因为后面章节的内容都建立在这些概念之上。
直接宾语和间接宾语
句子中的另外两个重要部分是宾语——直接宾语和间接宾语，所有句子（正如我们所学的那样）都有主语和谓语（动词），但并非所有的句子都会有宾语。
一般来说，宾语回答动词提出的问题，是什么？，是谁？ 或者给谁，为谁？ 宾语（直接或间接）始终是名词或代词。
这两个词在某种程度上都是受动词支配，但作用的方式不同。下面会做简短的解释。
直接宾语
直接宾语是由动词直接作用到名词（人、地、事或想法）。 例如，在句子中
The boy hit the ball.
The ball 是直接宾语。
以下几个句子中的直接宾语已被标出。
Sally drove the car into the wall.
After the game, the players celebrated their victory.
The President gave the speech before Congress.
找出直接宾语的一种方法是提问题：动词在做什么？例如，
John left ...
What did John leave?
John left the party.
The boy hit ...
what did the boy hit?
The boy hit the ball.
The dog bit ...
what did the dog bite?
The dog bit the mailman.
We rented ...
we rented what?
We rented a car.
Fred caught ...
what did Fred catch?
Fred caught a huge marlin.
They had ...
what did they have?
They had a wonderful time.
你会注意到，对于某些动词来说，直接宾语可以“补充”动词的意思。 事实上，上面句子中的动词后面通常需要跟直接宾语，缺少直接宾语句子就没有多大意义了。 例如，
Fred caught ...
They had ...
另外，有些动词可以“携带或省略”它（“它”是直接宾语），并且在没有直接宾语的情况下，也不影响句子的理解。例如，
John left. (What did John do after the party? He left.)
或
John left the theater.
或
John left the keys on the table.
间接宾语
动词执行动作时的间接作用对象。例如，
The President sent the victims of the hurricane aid. (that is, He sent aid to the victims of the hurricane)
The company offered its employees a raise. (It offered a raise to its employees)
Molly baked her mother a birthday cake. (She baked a birthday cake for her mother)
一些常见的名词可以“携带”直接宾语，这些词包括（但不局限于这些）allow、 bring、deny、find、get、give、leave、make、pay、read、sell、show、teach和 write。例如（间接宾语已划出）：
He allowed me entry.
She brought the prisoners food.
The phone company denied her a refund.
The clerk found them the perfect sweater.
I got her flowers.
He left me the book.
I made her a cake.
I paid the policeman the parking ticket.
My mother used to read me stories before bedtime.
The real-estate agent showed us the new house.
Dad taught us fishing.
The poet wrote his lover a poem.
找出间接宾语并将其与直接宾语区分开的“技巧”如上所述，间接宾语指的是受动作影响的事或人。实际上，你可以使用to或for来代替直接宾语对上述每个句子进行改写。
He allowed entry to me.
She brought food for the prisoners.
The phone company denied a refund to her.
The clerk found the perfect sweater for them.
I got flowers for her.
He left the book for me.
I made a cake for her.
I paid the parking ticket to the policeman.
My mother used to read stories to me before bedtime.
The real-estate agent showed the new house to us.
Dad taught fishing to us.
The poet wrote a poem to his lover.
你也可能会注意到，当提及间接宾语时，这些动词可以“拿走或省略”。虽然直接宾语也为动词执行的动作补充额外的（有用的）信息，但它永远不是必要的。就算没有间接宾语，上面的每个句子也都会有完整的意义（并且符合一个完整句子的标准）：
He allowed entry.
She brought food.
The phone company denied a refund.
The clerk found the perfect sweater.
I got flowers.
He left the book.
I made a cake.
I paid the parking ticket.
My mother used to read stories before bedtime.
The real-estate agent showed the new house.
Dad taught fishing.
The poet wrote a poem.
练习4：在下面的句子中找出直接宾语（DO）和间接宾语（IO）。（并非所有句子都包含直接宾语和间接宾语。）
He should give me more support.
The advice I would give to any mother would be to read to her children.
My husband made me a new spice rack.
The changing patterns of sea surface showed the weatherman a region of unusually warm water traveling across the Pacific.
I'm paying him good money for something!
Professor McIntyre taught reluctant students the niceties of grammar.
Those people have gotten this thing completely distorted.
Jaimie winning the spelling bee brought her family a great deal of pride.
Who wrote the National Anthem?
After we asked, they sold us the house at a discount.
句子的类型
|
我为什么总是演坏人？ |
好莱坞的演员们抱怨说他们总是被分到演同一类型的角色。有时，一个演员因为种族被分到演同一类型的角色：少数民族的演员发现，他们接到的表演工作绝大多数都是扮演“帮派成员”或“毒贩”。
同样地，我们通过划分句子类型来对句子进行“归类”：
陈述句：做一个陈述。陈述某事。 “April is the cruelest month.”（艾略特）
疑问句：提问，询问。“You've got to ask yourself one question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?” （《肮脏的哈里》）
祈使句：发出命令。 您必须遵守这些指示！“Never pretend to a love which you do not actually feel, for love is not ours to command.”（艾伦·瓦茨）
感叹句：情感的抒发。 通常不是句子。“Fire!”“Ouch!”
句子类型转换游戏：
大型饼干抢劫案
用三个人物写一个戏剧（带对话）：
the detective
the witness（至少1人）
the suspect（至少1人）
故事是这样的：饼干不见了， 有人偷走了它们！ 侦探夏洛克负责找出犯罪团伙。 用每个角色创建对话，写一个剧本。每种类型的句子至少用一次。 你剧本中的对话应该至少有八行。
另一种句子类型：被动语态。
被动语态是你熟悉的一种句型，虽然你可能无法说出它的名称。
我之前举过的例句中没有出现被动句这种结构：
Somebody did something.
在这个“正常的”句子中，我们可以将主语和谓语（动词）之间的关系描述为
主语（人、地方或事物）所做的动作由动词来执行
谓语是（人、地方或事物）正在做的事情。
但是，在被动语态结构中——（注意：不是“过去式”），“正常的”英语句子（主动语态）中的主语和谓语之间的关系颠倒了过来。被动句子描述了某事为人、地方或事物所做，而不是描述谁（或某事物）做了什么。
“正常的”主动语态——The boy hit the ball
被动语态—— The ball was hit by the boy.
主动语态: The old lady in the red hat bought the red sports car.
被动语态：The red sports car was bought by the old lady in the red hat.
主动语态: Professor Snerdly taught the class.
被动语态： The class was taught by Professor Snerdly.
主动语态:The red sports car hit me.
被动语态：I was hit by the red sports car.
在从“正常的”主动语态到被动语态的转换过程中，会发生两件事：动词作用的宾语变成句子的主语，而执行者（做动作的人或事）变成介词的宾语——通常这个介词是“by”。
我们来看下面的例句：
主动语态——The boy hit the ball
被动语态——The ball was hit by the boy.
主动语态：The old lady in the red hat bought the red sports car.
被动语态： The red sports car was bought by the old lady in the red hat.
主动语态：Professor Snerdly taught the class.
被动语态： The class was taught by Professor Snerdly.
主动语态：The red sports car hit me.
被动语态： I was hit by the red sports car.
换种角度来看这些句子：
主动 |
被动 |
Kelly likes chocolate cake. |
Chocolate cake is liked by Kelly. |
I heard the ad for the new computer on the radio. |
The ad for the new computer was heard by me on the radio. |
Our team won the game. |
The game was won by our team. |
Modern technology has changed the way people live. |
The way people live has been changed by modern technology. |
The Smiths lost their home to foreclosure. |
The Smiths' home was lost to foreclosure. |
The Secretary of State advised the President. |
The President was advised by the Secretary of State. |
从上面例句中你会发现，有的句子的主语完全消失了。这就是被动语态的问题——至少在英语语言文化中是这样的; 记住，语言就像文化一样，是传播的“代码”，除非在特殊情况下，英语不“喜欢”被动语态，因为它默许说话者或作者在不用对其行为负责的情况下表达自己看法。 被动语态被认为是“偷偷摸摸”的行为或逃避责任的一种方式。
这里有一个故事：
小时候，你和朋友们贪玩，在房子里跑来跑去，有人把桌上花瓶摔碎了，那是你妈妈最喜欢的花瓶。
妈妈进来后质问刚刚发生了什么。你告诉她，
“The vase was knocked off the table.”
你觉得这个答案会让她满意吗？绝不可能！如果她是英语老师，她可能会说，
“Don't talk to me in the passive voice! Who knocked the vase off the table?”
看吧，你妈妈是在追究责任！ 她想知道谁应该对此负责！
同样地，政治家和商界人士常常喜欢用被动语态，因为被动语态可以让他们避免为自己的行为负责。
In an unfortunate incident, the Gulf was polluted by an oil spill.
NOT: Big Bucks Oil polluted the Gulf.)
We had hoped to report on this problem, but the data was deleted from our files.
NOT: We were afraid the FBI would find out what we were up to, so we deleted the data from our computers.
历史上还有一个关于美国总统使用被动语态的例子。 在20世纪70年代早期，美国政府卷入了水门事件丑闻，这件事与白宫地下室的政治窃听有关，总统本人要负全责。在理查德·尼克松总统想要解释发生了什么时，他做出了回应（部分），许多人对这个回应并不满意，认为这是他试图为自己开脱的证据。他解释说，
“Mistakes were made.”
很多美国人对这个解释并不买账，纷纷回复说，
Don't talk to us in the passive voice! Who made mistakes?
（如果你熟悉美国历史，尼克松总统被迫辞职，正是因为许多人认为他是那个犯“错”的人。）
有些语言“喜欢”用被动语态。 例如，在日语中，委婉的表达被认为更有礼貌——即使是经常使用的被动语态。 |
因此，在英语中，应谨慎使用被动语态。有时，当动作的实施者（通常是主语）未知时，用被动语态是最为恰当的。例如，
My car was broken into last night.
当你想强调动词的宾语时，也会使用被动语态：
This ball was hit out of the stadium by Babe Ruth.
《哥伦比亚标准英语指南》（1993）是这样说的：
主动语态让主语做一些事情（对某物做某事）; 被动语态允许主语（通过某人或某事）完成某些事情。 一些人认为，主动语态语气更有力量，更直接，更简洁，被动语态语气较弱，更加委婉，更啰唆。如果你希望你的话看起来是客观的，委婉的，中立的，那么选择被动语态，但除此之外，用主动语态无疑更有效。
但是，我们要学会有效地使用被动语态。 威廉·斯特朗克曾在他的《英文写作指南经典》中告诫人们不要过度使用被动语态，但在某些情况下可以使用被动语态：
主动语态通常比被动语态更直接，更有力……当然，这个规则并不意味着作者应该完全抛弃被动语态。被动语态用起来方便，也是不可或缺的……通常需要将特定单词作为句子的主语…… 确定要使用哪种语态。 然而，习惯性地使用主动语态可以增强文字的说服力。
有效使用被动语态的一些示例：
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (Declaration of Independence)
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain. (King James Bible, Isaiah 40:4)
Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun of York. (Shakespeare's Richard III, I.1, ll. 1–2)
For of those to whom much is given, much is required. (John F. Kennedy's quotation of Luke 12:48 in his address to the Massachusetts legislature, 9 January 1961.)[13]
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. (Winston Churchill addressing the House of Commons, 20 August 1940.)
练习5：现在，将下列主动语态句子改为被动语态句子：
The coach executed a perfect game plan.
2. Neither team scored any points in the first quarter.
3. At the beginning of the second quarter, Ted Rowslasky threw a perfect pass for a touchdown.
4. Then, in the second half, the Troubadours forced a fumble.
5. They took advantage of this turnover.
6. They scored a touchdown on the next possession.
7. However, the Banana Slugs mounted a strong drive in the third quarter.
8. They put 7 points on the scoreboard.
9. Then the Slugs made an on-side kick.
10. But the Troubadours recovered the ball.
此页留空，练习答案从下一页开始。
标准答案
练习1：划出下列句子的主语：
I was passing alone on horseback through a dreary part of the country.
At last I found myself within view of the melancholy House of Usher.
I do not know how the house used to look.
A sense of gloom filled my spirit.
I looked upon the scene before me.
I felt an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart.
The cause was a mystery.
I pondered the shadowy fancies that crowded upon my mind.
I reined my horse to the brink of a black and lurid hillside by the dwelling.
I gazed down on the ghostly, bare trees, and the vacant windows.
（改编自埃德加·爱伦坡：《厄舍府的没落》）
练习2：圈出下列各句的谓语（主要动词）：
In this mansion of gloom, I now proposed to myself a visit of some weeks.
Its proprietor, Roderick Usher, had been one of my best friends in boyhood.
However, many years had passed since our last meeting.
A letter from him had lately reached me where I lived in a distant part of the country.
The letter gave evidence of nervous agitation*.
The writer spoke of a severe illness and mentioned a mental disorder which oppressed him.
He also wrote of an earnest desire to see me, as his best and indeed his only friend.
He hinted that my company might be of help to him in his time of trouble.
It was the manner in which all this was said that allowed me no room for hesitation.
I accordingly obeyed immediately what I still considered a very strange summons*.
（改编自埃德加·爱伦坡：《厄舍府的没落》）
练习3：找出主语和动词。用线划出下列各句的主语并圈出谓语（动词）：
Children eat too much junk food.
The president signed the bill into law
You work too late at night
Bill and Marie married in June
Jose designs and builds programs for an internet site
The governor and the citizens group lobbied for a new federal law.
The real estate agent, in combination with the development company, attracted new home buyers.
He went on vacation in Thailand.
On the road 16 hours a day, Fred drove from Los Angeles to New York in three days.
Although he lived in France until he was eight, Pierre hardly speaks French at all.
练习4：在下面的句子中找出直接宾语（DO）和间接宾语（IO）。（并非所有句子都包含直接宾语和间接宾语。）
He should give me (IO) more support (DO).
The advice(DO) I would give to any mother would be to read to her children.
My husband made me(IO) a new spice rack(DO).
The changing patterns of sea surface showed the weatherman(IO) a region(DO) of unusually warm water traveling across the Pacific.
I'm paying him(IO) good money(DO) for something!
Professor McIntyre taught reluctant students(IO) the niceties(DO) of grammar.
Those people have gotten this thing(DO) completely distorted.
Jaimie winning the spelling bee brought her family(IO) a great deal(DO) of pride.
Who wrote the National Anthem(DO)?
After we asked, they sold us(IO) the house(DO) at a discount.
答案：句子类型转换游戏：大型饼干抢劫案
这个游戏没有“标准答案”。
除非你找出是谁偷了饼干！
练习5：现在，将下列主动语态句子改为被动语态句子（正确答案不止一种）：
A perfect game plan was executed by the coach.
No points were scored by any team in the first quarter.
A perfect pass was thrown by Ted Rowslasky at the beginning of the second quarter.
Then, in the second half, a fumble was forced by the Troubadours.
Advantage was taken of this turnover by them.
A touchdown was scored by them on the next possession.
However, a strong drive was mounted in the third quarter by the Banana Slugs.
Seven points were put on the scoreboard by them.
Then, an on-side kick was made by them.
But the ball was recovered by the Troubadours.