上QQ阅读APP看本书，新人免费读10天

设备和账号都新为新人

2004厦门大学417阅读及英美文学、语言学基础考研真题及详解

招生专业：英语语言文学

考试科目及代码：阅读及英美文学、语言学基础417

Part One Reading Comprehension 70 pints

Directions: Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question.

Passage 1

The tap dancer, like the flamenco performer, is basically an improviser. Thus looking at tap one wants to savor the personality and inventiveness of the individual. When Bill Robinson danced in the movies, his technical skill and sophisticated rhythms could be heard as well as seen. The Nicholas Brothers ran up walls or the proscenium arch of the theater or jumped off platforms and landed in splits on the floor. Peg Leg Bates, who had lost a leg, made a specialty out of dancing with his wooden leg. Sandman Sims scattered sand on the floor (as Fred Astaire did in one of his films) and tapped ever so softly, slid and turned in dances as soothing as lullabies.

1．What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The styles of various tap dancers

(B) The structure of the modern dance theater

(D) The use of dance in certain movie productions

2．According to the passage, in what way is a flamenco dancer similar to a tap dancer?

(A) Both perform the same kinds of steps

(B) Both rely on individual inventiveness

(D) Both make very little noise

3．An acrobatic style of dancing was most closely associated with which of the following performers?

(A) Peg Leg Bates

(B) Bill Robinson

(D) Sims and Astaire

4．Which two dancers used sand in their routines?

(A) Robinson and Sims

(B) The Nicholas Brothers

(D) Sims and Astaire

5．The author implies which of the following about tap dancing?

(A) It is more complex than flamenco dancing

(B) It is meant to be heard as well as seen

(D) It should be performed by at least two people.

【答案与解析】

1．A 这段文字主要讲述了踢踏舞者就是即兴表演者，然后举了一些舞者的例子，来说明每个人的表演都有自己的个性和创造力，所以本文主要讨论了踢踏舞者的不同风格。

2．B 通过第二句“Thus looking at tap one wants to savor the personality and inventiveness of the individual.”可知，踢踏舞者与弗拉明戈舞者的相似之处是两者都是即兴表演者，都有自己的个性和创造力，所以本题选择B。

3．C 根据“The Nicholas Brothers ran up walls or the proscenium arch of the theater or jumped off platforms and landed in splits on the floor.”可知，尼古拉斯兄弟跑上了墙或者剧院的舞台，或者从平台上跳下来，摔在地上。这与杂技表演中演员需要靠自己的身体技巧完成一系列高难度动作的表演性节目比较类似。

4．D 根据最后一句“Sandman Sims scattered sand on the floor (as Fred Astaire did in one of his films)”可知，Sandman Sims和Fred Astaire在表演中都用了沙。

5．B 根据“When Bill Robinson danced in the movies, his technical skill and sophisticated rhythms could be heard as well as seen.”可知，踢踏舞既可以被观看，也可以被听见。

Passage 2

The science of meteorology is concerned with the study of the structure, state, and behavior of the atmosphere. The subject may be approached from several directions, but the scene cannot be fully appreciated from any advantage point. Different views must be integrated to give perspective to the whole picture.

One may consider the condition of the atmosphere at a given moment and attempt to predict changes from that condition over a period of a few hours to a few days ahead. This approach is covered by the branch of the science called synoptic meteorology.

Synoptic meteorology is the scientific basis of the technique of weather forecasting by means of the preparation and analysis of weather maps and aerological diagram. The practical importance of the numerous applications of weather forecasting cannot be overestimated. In serving the needs of shipping, aviation, agriculture, industry, and many other interests and fields of human activity with accurate weather warnings and professional forecast advice, great benefits are reaped in the form of the saving of human life and property and in economic advantages of various kinds. One important purpose of the science of meteorology is constantly to strive, through advanced study and research, to increase our knowledge of the atmosphere with the aim of improving the accuracy of weather forecasts.

The tools needed to advance our knowledge in this way are the disciplines of mathematics and physics applied to solve meteorological problems. The use of these tools forms that branch of the science called dynamic meteorology.

6．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

(A) The Limitations of Meteorological Forecasting

(B) New Advances in Synoptic Meteorology?

(D) The Basics of Dynamic Meteorology?

7．The prediction of synoptic meteorologists are directly based on the _________.

(A) application of the physical sciences

(B) preparation and study of weather maps

(D) observations of commercial airline pilots

8．Which of the following is NOT referred to by the author as a field whose needs are served by weather forecasting?

(A) Transportation

(B) Manufacturing

(D) Sports

9．The author implies that increased accuracy in weather forecasting will lead to __________.

(A) more funds allocated to meteorological research

(B) greater protection of human life

(D) less-specialized forms of synoptic meteorology

10．Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?

(A) A procedure is explained and its importance is emphasized.

(B) Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.

(D) A problem is examined and possible solutions are given.

11．In the last sentence of the passage, the phrase “these tools” refers to _________.

(A) weather forecasts

(B) meteorological problems

(D) economic advantage

【答案与解析】

6．C 气象学可以从几个角度来看，但任何哪一个角度都无法完全理解气象学，于是作者举例，从某刻大气的状况来预测未来的状况就叫做天气学，利用物理和数学的知识来解决气象问题就叫做动力气象学，所以本文的最佳标题就是C“气象学的研究方法”。

7．B 根据文章第三段“Synoptic meteorology is the scientific basis of the technique of weather forecasting by means of the preparation and analysis of weather maps and aerological diagram.”可知，天气学是通过准备天气图和分析高空图解来预测天气的，所以天气学的依据就是B项“准备和分析天气图”。

8．D 根据文章第三段“In serving the needs of shipping, aviation, agriculture, industry, and many other interests and fields of human activity”可知，天气学的服务对象是航海、航空、农业、工业以及其他人类活动范围，没有提及运动，所以本题选择D。

9．B 根据文章第三段“with accurate weather warnings and professional forecast advice, great benefits are reaped in the form of the saving of human life and property”可知，准确的天气预报的受益形式有保护人类生命和财产，所以作者暗示：天气预报准确性的增强能够对人的生命起到更大的保护作用。

10．A 作者在第三段中首先介绍了天气学的依据，再强调其重要性不可低估，可满足众多行业的需求，所以本段的逻辑结构是解释程序并强调重要性。

11．C 根据“The tools needed to advance our knowledge in this way are the disciplines of mathematics and physics applied to solve meteorological problems.”可知，增加我们将对天气学了解的工具是应用数学和物理学科。

Passage 3

There are three basic ways in which individual economic units interact with one another. They are the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.

In a market system, individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. Transactions may take place through barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade an old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably?

An alternative to the market system is administered control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue laws or commands as to how much each goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan drawn up by the government shows the amount of each commodity produced by the various firms and distributed to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition. Each person’s place with the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health,and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.

12．What is the main purpose of the passage?

(A) To outline types of economic systems.

(B) To explain the science of economics.

(D) To compare barter and money exchange markets.

13．In the second paragraph, the word “real” in “real goods” could best be replaced by which of the following?

(A) high quality

(B) concrete

(D) authentic

14．According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to _________.

(A) rapid speed of transactions

(B) misunderstandings

(D) difficulties for the traders

15．According to the passage who has the greatest degree of control on an administered system?

(A) Individual households

(B) Small businesses

(D) The government

【答案与解析】

12．A 文章第一段就介绍了有三种经济系统，即市场系统，管制系统和传统系统，然后作者分别介绍这三种系统分别是怎么样的，所以本文的写作目的就是讲述三种经济系统。

13．B 作者对于“real goods”举了一些例子，比如汽车、鞋子和披萨，可知“real goods”就是指实实在在的物品，所以“real”就是指“concrete”，实在的，具体的；有形的。

14．D 根据第二段中的“Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade an old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task.”可知，在以物换物的经济模式中，交易不是一件很简单的事，即会给交换者带来困难。

15．D 根据第三段“The central plan drawn up by the government shows the amount of each commodity produced by the various firms and distributed to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.”可知，政府制定计划规定每种商品的生产数量并将其分配进行消费是对整个经济进行控制的例子，所以在管制系统中，政府有最高程度的控制权。

Passage 4

What is the future for cities? Why does one inner-city neighborhood become a slum and another a high-class district? Why does one city attract new shopper and visitors while another languishes?

Camden, New Jersey, displays the strong contrast that characterize American urban areas. The central city of Camden houses an isolated underclass, while suburban Camden County prospers. The population of the city of Camden has declined from 117,000 in 1960 to less than 80,000 today. Nearly 85 percent of the city’s residents are black and Hispanic, while the white population has declined from 90,000 in 1960 to 10,000 today. Only 1 percent of the households remaining have annual incomes of more than $50,000, compared with 20 percent in the rest of the country and 10 percent among all black households.

More than 40 percent of Camden’s residents are under eighteen, closer to the level found in developing countries than to eh rest of the United States. Job prospects are not promising for these young people, because more than half have left school without obtaining a high-school diploma. In the past, Camden’s youths could find jobs in factories that produced Campbell’s soups, Esterbrook pens, and RCA Victor records, radios, and televisions, but the city has lost 90 percent of its industrial jobs. The Esterbrook and Campbell factories in Camden are closed, though Campbell’s corporate offices remain: General Electric now operates the former RCA factory but with a labor force at only 15 percent of the level during the 1960s. Camden’s unemployment rate is more than twice the national average.

As Camden’s population and industries decline, few shops have enough customers to remain open. The city once had thirteen movie theaters, but none are left. The murder rate soared after gangs carved up the city into districts during the mid-1980s to control cocaine trafficking.

Meanwhile, Camden County—excluding the city—has grown from 275,000 in 1960 to more than 400,000 today. Cherry Hill has more than 75,000 residents today, compared to less than 10,000 in 1960, and will surpass Camden as the largest city in the county before the end of the decade. About 85 percent of Cherry Hill’s high-school graduates go on to college. Cherry Hill has attracted so many new jobs that the major obstacle to further economic growth is a shortage of qualified workers.

Camden’s mismatch between the locations of people, jobs, resources, and services exemplifies the urban crisis throughout the United States, as well as in other countries. Geographers help us to understand why these patterns arise, and what be done about them.

16．Which of the following is NOT TRUE?

(A) Camden County is larger than the city of Camden.

(B) Cherry Hill’s economy is sluggish

(D) General Electric now employs less workers than it used to.

17．What is the author most likely to do in the following section?

(A) Elaborating on geographical patterns of other areas.

(B) Quoting government policies in favor of her view.

(D) Proposing possible solutions to the problem.

【答案与解析】

16．B 根据倒数第二段中的“Cherry Hill has more than 75,000 residents today, compared to less than 10,000 in 1960”可知，Cherry Hill的居民人数增长很多，从“Cherry Hill has attracted so many new jobs that the major obstacles to further economic growth is a shortage of qualified workers.”也可知道，Cherry Hill已经吸引了很多新的工作岗位，所以B项“Cherry Hill经济萧条”明显错误。

17．D 最后一段中，作者指出Camden的萧条源于人口、工作及资源等的不协调，地理学者帮助我们理解为什么那些模式会兴起，我们又可以做点什么，所以接下来作者会提出一些解决问题的方法。

Passage 5

For a long time we have worked hard at isolating the individual family. This has increased the mobility of individuals; and by encouraging young families to break away from older generations and the home community, we have burdened every small family with tremendous responsibilities once shared within three generations and among a large number of people—the nurturing of small children, the initiation of adolescents into adulthood, and care of the sick and disabled and the protection of the aged. What we have failed to realize to realize is that even as we have separated the single family from the larger society, we have expected each couple to take on a range of obligations that traditionally have been shared within a family and a wilder community.

So all over the world there are millions of families left alone, as it were, each in its own box—parents faced with the specter of what may happen if either one gets sick, children fearful that their parents may end their quarrels with divorce, and empty-handed old people without any role in the life of the next generation.

Then, having reduced little by little to almost nothing the relationship between families the community, when families get into trouble because they cannot accomplish the impossible, we turn their problems over to impersonal social agencies, which can act only in a fragmented way because they are limited to patchwork programs that often are too late to accomplish what is most needed.

Individuals and families do get some kind of help, but what they learn and what those who work hard within the framework of social agencies convey, even as they try to help, is that families should be able to care for themselves.

18．According to the author, when young families are isolated, __________.

(A) old people can easily accept the change

(B) people can move from place to place

(D) economy develops at high speed

19．What is said to be the major problem facing young couples?

(A) They need to be fulfill more duties

(B) They are incapable of balancing the budget

(D) They get empty-handed after divorce.

20．The author implies that __________.

(A) social agencies in America can be very helpful

(B) the help of American families from social agencies is limited.

(D) the fragmentary nature of the American family is unique.

【答案与解析】

18．B 根据第一段中的“This has increased the mobility of individuals”可知，将年轻家庭分离出去会增加个体的流动性，即人们可以从一个地方转移到另一个地方。

19．A 根据第一段中的“we have burdened every small family with tremendous responsibilities once shared within three generations and among a large number of people”可知，年轻夫妇搬出家后需要承担独自承担曾经由三代人或者更多人承担的巨大责任，即年轻夫妻面临的主要问题是完成更多的任务。

20．B 根据倒数第二段中的“we turn their problems over to impersonal social agencies, which can act only in a fragmented way because they are limited to patchwork programs that often are too late to accomplish what is most needed.”可知，我们会把问题归结于不人性化的社会机构，但是这些社会机构的行为十分分散，提供的各种项目也十分有限，所以作者暗示到美国家庭从社会机构中获得的帮助十分有限的。C项说法与作者原意不符，作者认为是那些年轻的家庭需要自己能去照顾好自己，即文中的families should be able to care for themselves，而不是说要政府提供帮助。

Passage 6

Throughout human history there have been many stringent taboos concerning watching other people eat or eating in the presence of others. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. Undoubtedly such elements exist in the taboos, but there is an additional element with a much more fundamental importance. In prehistoric times, when food was so precious and the on-lookers so hungry, not to offer half of the little food one had was unthinkable, since every glance was a plea for life. Further, during those times, people existed in nuclear or extended family groups, and the sharing of food was quite literally supporting one’s family or, by extension, preserving one’s self.

21．If the argument in the passage is valid, taboos against eating in the presence of others who are not also eating would be LEAST likely in a society that __________.

(A) always had a plentiful supply of food

(B) emphasized the need to share worldly goods

(D) discouraged overindulgence

22．The author seems to believe that past explanations for taboos concerning eating are _________.

(A) implausible

(B) incomplete

(D) inelegant

【答案与解析】

21．A 作者指出，不能看他人吃东西或者不能当着别人的面吃东西是一禁忌，很重要的原因是在史前时，食物很珍贵，看他人吃东西的旁观者是饥饿的，如果不分食物给他的话是无法想象的，所以，不能在没有吃东西的人面前吃东西这一禁忌最不可能出现在食物很充沛的社会。

22．B 根据“Undoubtedly such elements exist in the taboos, but there is an additional element with a much more fundamental importance.”，可知，作者指出存在这一禁忌有各种原因，他认为这些确实是存在于禁忌中的因素，当不是最重要的原因，所以之前对吃东西的那些禁忌的解释是不完整的。

Passage 7

Art, like words, is a form of communication. Words, spoken and written, render accessible to humans of the latest generations all the knowledge discovered by the experience and reflection, both of preceding generations and of the best and foremost minds of their own times. Art renders accessible to people of the latest generations all the feelings experienced by their predecessors, and those already felt by their best and foremost contemporaries. Just as the proceeds through art. Feelings less kind and less necessary for the well-being of humankind are replaced by other kinder and more essential to that end. This is the purpose of art, and the more art fulfills that purpose that better the art; the less it fulfills it, the worse the art.

23．The author develops the passage primarily by __________.

(A) theory and refutation

(B) example and generalization

(D) inference and deduction

24．According to the author, knowledge is _________.

(A) evolutionary and emotional

(B) cumulative and progressive

(D) dynamic and cyclical

25．The style of the passage can best be described as ________.

(A) speculative

(B) argumentative

(D) sarcastic

【答案与解析】

23．D 作者认为艺术是一种沟通的方式，并将它比作言语，然后分别介绍言语和艺术是如何实现知识的传递，所以本文是通过推理和演绎来写作的。theory and refutation理论和反驳。example and generalization举例和归纳。question and answer问题与答案。

24．B 从本文可知，知识是从经验和反思中获取的，代表着最近一代人和前人最优秀的思想，所以知识是累积的，发展的。cumulative and progressive累积渐进的。evolutionary and emotional进化的、情感的。static and unmoving静止不动的。dynamic and cyclical动态循环的。

25．C 本篇属于说明文题裁，对沟通方式之一的艺术这一抽象事理作出阐释。expository说明的；解释的。speculative推测的。argumentative辩论的；争辩的。sarcastic尖刻的，辛辣的。

Passage 8

Our current system of unemployment compensation has increased nearly all sources of adult unemployment seasonal and cyclical variations in the demand for labor, weak labor force attachment, and unnecessarily long durations of unemployment. First, for those who are already unemployed, the system greatly reduces the cost of extending the period of unemployment. Second, for all types of unsteady work—seasonal, cyclical and casual—it raises the net wage to the employee, relative to the cost of the employer.

As for the first, consider a worker who earns $500 per month or $6000 per year if she experiences no employment. If she is unemployed for one month, she loses $500 in gross earnings but only $116 in net income. How does this occur? A reduction of $500 in annual earning reduces her federal, payroll and state tax liability by $134. Unemployment compensation consists of 50 percent of her wage or $250. Her net income therefore falls from $366 if is employed, to $250 paid as unemployment compensation. Moreover, part of the higher income from employment is offset by the cost of transportation to work and other expenses associated with employment; and in some industries, the cost of unemployment is reduced further or even made negative by the supplementary unemployment benefits paid by employers under collective bargaining agreements. The overall effect is to increase the duration of a typical spell of unemployment and to increase the frequency with which individuals lose jobs and become unemployed.

The more general effect of unemployment compensation is to increase the seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in the demand for labor and the relative number of short-lived casual jobs. A worker who accepts such work knows she will be laid off when the season ends. If there were no unemployment compensation, workers could be induced to accept such unstable jobs only if the wage rate were sufficiently higher in those jobs than in the more stable alternative. The higher cost of labor, then would induce employers to reduce the instability of employment by smoothing production lags, by additional development of off-season work and by the introduction of new production techniques, e.g. new methods of outdoor work in bad weather.

Employers contribute to the state unemployment compensation fund on the basis of their own previous employers. Within limits, the more benefits that those former employees draw, the higher is the employer’s tax rate. The theory of experience rating is clear. If an employer paid the full cost of the unemployment benefits that his former employees received, unemployment compensation would provide no incentive to an excess use of unstable unemployment. In practice, however, experience rating is limited by a maximum rate of employer contribution. For any firm which pays the maximum rate, there is no cost for additional unemployment and no gain from a small reduction in unemployment.

The challenge at this time is to restructure the unemployment system in a way that strengthens its good features while reducing the harmful distinctive effects. Some gains can be achieved by removing the ceiling on the employer’s rate of contribution and by lowering the minimum rate to zero. Employers would then pay the full price of unemployment insurance benefits were taxed in the same way as other earnings. This would eliminate the anomalous situations in which a worker’s net income is actually reduced when he returns to work.

26．The author’s primary concern is to _________.

(A) defend the system of unemployment compensation against criticism

(B) advocate expanding the benefits and scope of coverage of unemployment compensation

(D) suggest reform to eliminate inefficiencies in unemployment compensation

27．The author cites the example of a worker earning $500 per month in order to ________.

(A) show the disincentive created by unemployment compensation for that worker to return to work

(B) demonstrate that the employers do not bear the full cost of worker compensation

(D) explain why employers prefer to hire seasonal workers instead of permanent workers for short-term jobs

28．The author mentions all of the following as ways by which employers might reduce seasonal and cyclical unemployment EXCEPT ________.

(A) developing new techniques of production not affected by weather

(B) slowing delivery schedules to provide work during slow seasons

(D) finding new jobs to be done by workers during the off-season.

29．With which of the following statements about experience rating would the author most likely agree?

(A) Experience rating is theoretically sound, but its effectiveness in practice in undermined by maximum contribution ceilings

(B) Experience rating is an inefficient method of computing employer contribution because an employer has no control over the length of an employee’s unemployment

(C) Experience rating is theoretically invalid and should be replaced by a system in which the employee contributes the full amount of benefits he will later receive

(D) Experience rating is basically fair, but its performance could be improved by requiring large firms to pay more than small firms

30．It can be inferred that the author regards the unemployment compensation system is ________.

(A) socially necessary

(B) economically efficient

(D) seriously outdated

【答案与解析】

26．D 根据最后一段中的“The challenge at this time is to restructure the unemployment system in a way that strengthens its good features while reducing the harmful distinctive effects.”可知，现在面临的挑战就是改革失业系统，从而增强其优势，减少它的有害影响，即作者主要的担忧就是改革失业补偿制度，消除其无效性的方面。

27．A 作者指出，如果某个人每月工资是500$，但是失业后其实净收入只是减少了116$，所以作者举这个例子是为了说明失业补偿会减弱失业人员重返工作的动力。

28．C 根据第三段最后一句“by the introduction of new production techniques, e.g. new methods of outdoor work in bad weather.”可知，引入不受天气影响的新生产技术可以减少季节性雇佣，即A项正确。根据第三段中的“The higher cost of labor, then would induce employers to reduce the instability of employment by smoothing production lags, by additional development of off-season work”可知，考虑到高成本的劳动力，雇主会调整生产批量，增加淡季的发展，去降低雇佣的不稳定性，所以B和D项正确。因此本题选择C。

29．A 作者指出经验定额的理论十分清楚，即如果被辞雇员都能得足够的补贴收入，考虑到成本，那么雇主就不会去使用季节性员工，但实际上，被辞员工所得到的补偿都要根据雇主贡献的最大比例来确定，那么增加失业不会产生成本，减少失业不会增加收益，即经验定额的实际效果被大大削减。

30．A 作者在最后一段指出，需要对失业补偿制度进行改革，这样可以取得一些收益，消除工作人员返回工作时实际收入减少的异常情况。所以作者认为失业补偿制度对社会是十分有必要的。

Passage 9

In the past, evolutionary biologists contemplating the absence of wheels in nature agreed that the explanation was not undesirability; wheels would be good for animals, just as they are for us. Animals were prevented from evolving wheels, the biologists reasoned, by the following dilemma: Living cells in an animal’s body are connected to the heart by blood vessels, and to the brain by nerves. Because a rotating joint is essential to a wheel, a wheel made of living cells would twist its artery, vein, and nerve connections at the first revolution, making living wheels impracticable.

However, there is a flaw in the argument that the evolution of wheeled animals was thwarted by the insoluble joint problem. The theory fails to explain why animals have not evolved wheels of dead tissue with no need for arteries and nerves. Countless animals, including us, bear external structures without blood supply or nerves—for example, our hair and fingernails, or the scales, claws, and horns of other animals. Why have rats not evolved bony wheels, similar to roller skates? Paws might be more useful than wheels in some situations, but cat’s claws are retractable; why not retractable wheels? We thus arrive at the serious biological paradox flippantly termed the RRR dilemma: nature’s failure to produce rats with retractable roller skates.

31．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

(A) Evolutionary Biology: New Research Methods.

(B) How Do Living Joints Function?

(D) The Evolutionary History of The Wheel.

32．The passage discusses the evolution of animals in terms of their __________.

(A) genetic structures

(B) reproductive cycles

(D) behavior

33．The structural material of the wheels discussed in the passage in would be similar to that of ___________.

(A) nerves

(B) joints

(D) scales and horns

34．The concept of retractable roller skates, mentioned in the last sentence, would be best explained as __________.

(A) an evolutionary variation of claws

(B) a complex structure of living tissue

(D) a new discovery by evolutionists

【答案与解析】

31．C 文章一开始就指出大自然中没有出现轮子是因为不需要，但轮子对动物是有用的，为什么动物也没有轮子呢？然后进化学家提出了一个假说，即轮子出现在活组织中是不实际的，但这一假说也被推翻，所以本文最佳标题应为：动物长出轮子，生物学上的可能性？

32．C 根据第二段中的“Living cells in an animal’s body are connected to the heart by blood vessels, and to the brain by nerves”可知，动物身体里的活细胞是通过血管与心脏相连，通过神经与大脑相连，所以作者是在从解剖学的角度来分析动物的演变。

33．B 根据第二段中的“The theory fails to explain why animals have not evolved wheels of dead tissue with no need for arteries and nerves.”可知，假说认为动物没有轮子是因为轮子出现在活组织中是不太实际的，但这无法解释为什么不需要动脉和神经的死组织也没有进化出轮子，所以A项的“nerve”和C项的“arteries”不是进化出轮子所需的，再根据“Because a rotating joint is essential to a wheel”可知，B项的“关节”才是轮子的结构性材料。

Passage 10

When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines. The men who took it on comprised the most cosmopolitan work crew in American history. They included Civil War veterans and freed slaves, Irish and German immigrants, Mormons and atheists, Shoshonis, Paiutes, Washos, and Chinese.

At the peak of their labors, the work crews laid two to five miles of track a day. The men filled ravines, ran spidery trestles across rivers and valleys, and punched holes through mountains. And they did all these jobs largely by their own muscle power.

Flatcars carried rails to within half a mile of the railhead; there the iron was loaded onto carts. An eyewitness described the procedure: “A light car, drawn by a single horse, gallops up to the front with its load rails. Two men seize the end of a rail and start forward, the rest of the gang taking holding by twos until it is clear of the car. They come forward at a run. At the word of command, the rail is dropped in its place, right side up. Less than thirty seconds to a rail for each gang, and so four rails to down to the minute.”

35．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?

(A) An Eyewitness Report

(B) A Difficult Task

(D) The Railroad And The Civil War

36．According to the passage, in addition to laying railroad track, the work crew did which of the following?

(A) Climbed over mountain peaks.

(B) Planned railroads.

(D) Made tunnels.

37．In second paragraph, the word “they” refers to _________.

(A) men

(B) valleys

(D) jobs

38．Which of the following phrases could be substituted for the phrased “clear of” (in the third paragraph) without changing the meaning of the sentence?

(A) put through

(B) visible to

(D) open to

【答案与解析】

35．B 根据文章第一段可知，当西部铁路的规划终于完成的时候，真正具有挑战性的任务还未完成，那就是建设铁轨，后面文章就介绍了铁轨是如何建立起来的，所以最佳标题选择B项“一项艰巨的任务”。

36．D 根据文中的“punched holes through mountains”可知，全体人员除了要铺设轨道之外，还需要在山间凿洞，即D项的“修建隧道”。

37．A 根据出处的“they did all these jobs largely by their own muscle power.”可知，they就是指修建铁轨的人。

38．A 两个人抬着铁轨向前走，剩余的人就两两一组继续抬，一直铺通到火车的位置，所以clear of与put though的意思可以互换，put though使穿过，使通过。

Passage 11

With the show Rodeo, Agnes de Mille had been an innovator in the world of ballet. But with the show Oklahoma!, she revolutionized the Broadway stage—brought to an end the dance line routine of high kicks and mechanized movement, and gave in its place dance and plot smoothly integrated, choreography reinforcing the action. Twenty-five years later, in March, 1968, a New York Times article by the theater critic Walter Kerr, headed “In the Beginning Was Oklahoma!”, stated, “Oklahoma! had a plot. It had to do with whether a boy would succeed in taking emotional implications had to be danced out at great length in what remains the most exhilarating dancing... ever devised for the United States musical comedy stage.”

The impact of Oklahoma! was instantaneous. The song “Beautiful Morning” sounded out via radios, in restaurants, from cars passing on the highways, in shoeshine parlors. Full skirts of gingham patterns, street shoes made to look like ballet slippers, the ponytail hairdo, were the rage. The play ran for five years and nine weeks in New York City. A traveling road company played it for nine and a half years. It also toured abroad for several years. In 1955 it became a movie. A newly assembled all-star company was sent abroad by the State Department as representative of a part of United States culture.

As for Agnes de Mille, her days of giving recitals and losing $300 to $1,000 each time were over. She became the most sought-after choreographer on Broadway.

39．What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

(A) To explain the background of the song “Beautiful Morning”

(B) To compare Rodeo and Oklahoma!

(D) To discuss the fashions made popular by Oklahoma!

40．The author cites Walter Kerr because he was ______

(A) the composer of the music for Oklahoma!

(B) a dancer who performed with Agnes de Mille

(D) the owner of The New York Times

41．In the second paragraph, the expression “were the rage” could best be replaced by __________.

(A) created chaos

(B) made people crazed

(D) were very popular

42．According to the passage, Oklahoma! was selected by the State Department to be performed abroad because it was _________.

(A) considered rather revolutionary

(B) representative of an aspect of American life

(D) an inspiring love story

43．The passage implies that prior to Oklahoma! Agnes de Mille had given recitals that were __________.

(A) popular comedy routines

(B) financially unsuccessful

(D) broadcast over the radio

【答案与解析】

39．C 在本篇文章中，作者在第一段指出表演Oklahoma使百老汇舞台发生了革命，25年之后仍有人对它大为赞扬，在第二段中作者指出表演Oklahoma的影响是十分巨大的，第三段指出表演Oklahoma的创作者Agnes de Mille从那之后炙手可热，所以可以知道本文的写作目的就是描述Agnes de Mille创作Oklahoma获得的成功。

40．C 根据文中的“by the theater critic Walter Kerr”可知，Walter Kerr是一个评论家。

41．D 文章第二段就是在讲述表演Oklahoma影响巨大，到处都是播放其中的歌曲，流行服装也跟着改变，所有的一切都非常受欢迎。

42．B 根据文章第二段“A newly assembled all-star company was sent abroad by the State Department as representative of a part of United States culture.”可知，美国国务院在海外上演Oklahoma是因为它能代表美国文话中的一部分，所以本题选择B项“代表美国人生活的一个层面”。

43．B 根据最后一段“her days of giving recitals and losing $300 to $1,000 each time were over”可知，Agnes de Mille创作了Oklahoma之后，举办损失300$至1000$的独奏会的日子就结束了，所以Agnes de Mille的独奏会在经济上是亏钱的。

Passage 12

Lichens are a unique group of complex, flowerless plants growing on rocks and trees. There are thousands kinds of lichens, which come in a wide variety of colors. They are composed of algae and fungi, which unite to satisfy the needs the lichens.

The autotrophic green algae produce all their own food through a process called photosynthesis and provide the lichen with nutritional elements. On the other hand, the heterotrophic fungus, which on other elements to provide its food, not only absorbs and stores water for the plant, but also helps protect it. This union by which two dissimilar organisms live together is called “symbiosis”.

This sharing enables lichens to resist the most adverse environmental conditions found on earth. They can be found in some very unlikely places such as polar ice caps as well as in tropical zones, in dry areas as well in wet ones, on mountain peaks and along coastal areas.

The lichen’s strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in harmony with such environments is one example that humanity should consider in trying solve their own problems.

44．Which of the following is not true?

(A) Lichens are not simple plants

(B) The lichen habitat is limited to the polar ice caps

(D) Heterotrophic plants depend on their elements to supply their food.

45．What can be said about autotrophic plants and heterotrophic plants?

(A) They produce their food in the same manner.

(B) Heterotrophic plants produce all their own food

(D) Their methods of food production are completely different.

46．What of the following conclusions could be made about lichens?

(A) They are found worldwide and are complex plants made up of algae and fungi.

(B) They are found worldwide and are simple plants, symbiotic in nature.

(D) Although found worldwide, lichens are found mostly as a simple form in the tropics.

47．Which of the following directly relates to algae?

(A) It offers protection to lichens.

(B) It supplies water for lichens.

(D) It is depended on other plants for its food supply.

【答案与解析】

44．B 根据文章第三段“They can be found in some very unlikely places such as polar ice caps as well as in tropical zones, in dry areas as well in wet ones, on mountain peaks and along coastal areas.”可知，苔藓能生长在各种环境下，如极地冰盖、热带地区、干燥地区、潮湿地区、高山、沿海等，所以B项“苔藓职能生长在极地冰盖”是错误的。

45．D 文章第二段指出：自养的绿色藻类能通过光合作用围自己提供食物，而非自养的真菌需要依赖其他成分为自己提供食物，它不仅仅为植物吸收和储存水分，也保护它，所以自养的绿色藻类和非自养的真菌制造食物答方式是不同的。

46．A 根据44题的分析可知，苔藓在全球范围都有分布，再根据第一段中的“They are composed of algae and fungi”可知，苔藓是由藻类和真菌两者构成，所以答案为A。

47．C 根据第二段中的“The autotrophic green algae produce all their own food through a process called photosynthesis and provide the lichen with nutritional elements”可知，绿色藻类是可以自己生产食物并围苔藓提供营养物质，所以本题选择C。

Passage 13

All that we really need to plot out the future of our Universe are a few good measurements. This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainty. There are still too many things we don’t know about the way the Universe is put together. We do know exactly what information we need to fill in our knowledge, and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it.

Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard. All of the Switches are set before the train arrives, so that its path is completely determined. Some Switches we can see, others we can’t. There is no ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch: we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will. At the unseen switches, however, there is no such certainty. We know the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which one. The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.

When we think about the future of the universe, we can see our “track” many billions of years into the future, but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider. The goal science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road to be followed.

48．According to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future of the universe because we _________.

(A) have too many conflicting theories

(B) do not have enough funding to continue our research

(D) have focused our investigations on the moon and planets

49．What does the author comment on the function of the universe’s unseen “Switches”?

(A) They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will use.

(B) They enable us to alter the course of the universe.

(D) They determine which course the universe will take in the future.

50．In paragraph 2, the word “track” could best be replaced by which of the following?

(A) band

(B) rails

(D) sequence

51．For whom is the author probably writing this passage?

(A) Train engineers

(B) General audiences

(D) Young children

52．Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A statement illustrated by an analogy.

(B) A hypothesis supported by documentation.

(D) A critical analysis of a common assumption.

【答案与解析】

48．C 文章一开头就指出：我们无法准确地知道宇宙未来遥远的未来，因为我们不知道宇宙是如何形成的。

49．D 根据文章第二段最后一句“The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.”可知，正是没有看到的道岔才是真正决定未来的点，它们会决定以后所有事情的发展过程，所以本题选择D。

50．B “We know the train will take one of the tracks leading out”是指我们火车将会驶向轨道中的一条，所以“track”就是指轨道，即rail铁轨。

51．D 本文为了说明宇宙未来的发展，用火车驶向铁轨来举例进行更生动的说明，以此来满足青年的好奇心，以浅显的事例来说明复杂的知识。

52．A 本文是通过打比方，将宇宙未来的不确定比作不确定火车要走哪一条铁轨来分析说明科学的作用所在。

Passage 14

Trees have a spectacular survival record. Over a period of more than 400 million years, they have evolved as the tallest, most massive, and longest-lived organisms ever to inhabit the Earth. Yet trees lack a means of defense that almost every animal has: trees cannot move away from destructive forces. Because they cannot move, all type of living and nonliving enemies—fire, storms, microorganisms, insects, other animals and, later, humans—have wounded them throughout their history. Trees have survived because their evolution has made them into highly compartmented organisms: that is, they wall off injured and infected wood.

In that respect trees are radically different from animals. Fundamentally, animals heal: they preserve their life by making billions of repairs, installing new cells or rejuvenated cells in the positions of old ones. Trees cannot heal; they make no repairs. Instead, they defend themselves from the consequences of injury and infection by walling off the damage. At the same time, they put new cells in new positions; in effect, they grow a new tree over the old one every year. The most obvious results of the process are the growth rings, which are visible on the cross section of a trunk, a root, or a branch.

53．The author’s main purpose in this article is to explain the _________.

(A) life cycle of a tree

(B) way trees survive

(D) dangers trees face from natural disasters

54．The author describes trees as all of the following EXCEPT _________.

(A) tall

(B) green

(D) long-lived

55．The author implies that almost every animal is able to protect itself from destructive forces by doing which of the following?

(A) Moving away

(B) Calling for help

(D) Remaining with its group

56．In paragraph 1, the word “they” refers to ________.

(A) enemies

(B) animals

(D) trees

【答案与解析】

53．B 文章一开始就提到树是寿命最长的生物，但它不具备其他动物所拥有的存活技能，即它无法移动，但它依赖褪去受伤表皮来存活下去，然后在第二段仔细介绍了树是如何让自己防御伤害，造出新细胞从而生活下去。所以本文的写作目的就是介绍树的存活方式。

54．B 根据文章第一段中的“they have evolved as the tallest, most massive, and longest-lived organisms ever to inhabit the Earth.”可以发现，作者没有用green来描述树，所以选择B项。

55．A 根据文章第一段中的“Yet trees lack a means of defense that almost every animal has: trees cannot move away from destructive forces. ”可知，树缺少几乎每个动物都具备的防御方式，那就是树不能移动，所以作者暗示到，几乎每个动物都有的保护自己的能力就是移动。

56．D 作者该句在讲述因为他们（they）不能移动，所以自然灾害和动物都会伤害他们，很显然，they指的是树。

Passage 15

Beavers, North America’s largest rodents, appear to lead such exemplary lives that a trapper once rather romantically observed that “beavers follow close to the line of the Ten Commandments.” The Ten Commandments do not mention anything about building dams, lodges, and canals, however, and the beaver’s penchant for doing so has got it into a lot of hot water lately. Fishing enthusiasts in the Midwest and New England are complaining about beaver dams that spoil streams for trout and, in the Southeast, lumber companies object whenever the animals flood out valuable stands of commercial timber. But some beaver experts champion a more charitable view. Historically, they say, this creature’s impact on the environment has been tremendously significant, and its potential as a practical conservation resource is receiving more and more attention.

When it comes to modifying the landscape in a major way, the beaver ranks second only to humans among all living creatures. “Some people think of the beaver the same way they think of the gypsy moth,” said one scientist. “They think it just comes through and eats and destroys. What they don’t understand is the fact that for centuries this animal has controlled the character of the forests and streams that it occupies.”

57．Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

(A) The Controversy over Beavers and the environment

(B) New England’s Beaver Population

(D) Beavers and the Ten Commandments

58．In lines 4, the author refers to “hot water” to indicate that beavers_________.

(A) are able to cook their food

(B) are in trouble

(D) enjoy hot baths

59．From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about gypsy moths?

(A) They conserve resources

(B) They build small dams

(D) They eat fish

60．According to the passage, lumber companies complain because beavers _________.

(A) attract other large rodents

(B) ruin trout streams

(D) create floods in forests

61．According to the passage, which of the following cause the greatest changes in the environment?

(A) Humans

(B) Trout

(D) Beavers

62．In the final line, what does “it” refer to?

(A) A fact

(B) A century

(D) A character

【答案与解析】

57．A 北美的海狸名声不好，钓鱼者、木材公司等都在抱怨它，一个科学家指出，人们认为海狸只会吃东西和搞破坏，但其实人们不知道是海狸塑造着森林和溪流的特征，所以本文最佳标题选择关于海狸和环境的争议比较合适。

58．B 根据后文可知，钓鱼者、木材公司等都在抱怨海狸，所以此处是指海狸陷入了麻烦。

59．C 根据“Some people think of the beaver the same way they think of the gypsy moth,” said one scientist. “They think it just comes through and eats and destroys”可知，人们认为海狸与舞毒蛾一样，只会吃东西和搞破坏，所以可以推测出舞毒蛾的名声不好。

60．D 根据“lumber companies object whenever the animals flood out valuable stands of commercial timber.”可知，木材公司抱怨海狸是因为它们会导致洪水暴发。

61．A 根据“When it comes to modifying the landscape in a major way, the beaver ranks second only to humans among all living creatures.”可知，在改造地表这一方面，海狸的影响仅次于人类，所以影响最大的还是人类。

62．C 根据“this animal has controlled the character of the forests and streams that it occupies.”可知，it就是指this animal，即海狸。

Passage 16

Eight varsity baseball players (G, H, J, K, L, M, N, O) are to be honored at a special ceremony. Three of these players (H, M, and O) are also varsity football players. Two of them (K and N) are also basketball players on the varsity team. In arranging the seats it was decided that athletes in two sports should not be seated next to another two-sport athlete.

63．Which of the following combinations is possible in order to have the arrangement of seat assignments as planned?

(A) H G K J

(B) H K J L

(D) J L H K

64．To have the proper seating arrangement, K should sit between ________.

(A) G and H

(B) J and M

(D) J and L

65．Which of the following cannot sit next to M?

(A) G

(B) J

(D) K

66．Before all athletes are seated there are two vacant seats on either side of N. Which two athletes may occupy those seats?

(A) G and K

(B) G and L

(D) L and O

【答案与解析】

63．A 根据要求，会两项运动的选手不可以挨着另外一个会两项运动的选手，而H，M和O既是棒球运动员又是足球运动会，K和N既是棒球运动员又是篮球运动员，所以H，M，O，K，N不能挨着坐即可。

64．D 由于K选手会两项运动，按照要求他不能坐在H，M，O和N之间。

65．D 由于M选手会两项运动，所以他不可以挨着H，O，K和N一起坐。

66．B 由于N选手会两项运动，所以他两边不可以坐H，M，O和K即可。

Passage 17

Tom wishes to enroll in Latin AA, Sanskrit A, Armenian Literature 221, and Celtic Literature 701.

Latin AA meets five days a week, either from 9 to 11 a.m. or from 2 to 4 p.m.

Sanskrit A meets either Tuesday and Thursday from 12 noon to 3 p.m., or Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 10 a.m. to 12 noon.

Armenian Literature 221 meets either Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 12:30 to 2 p.m., or Tuesday and Thursday from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

Celtic Literature 701 meets by arrangement with the instructor, the only requirement being that it meet for one four-hour session or two two-hour sessions per week, between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. from Monday to Friday, beginning on the hour.

67．Which combination is impossible for Tom?

(A) Latin in the morning, Sanskrit on Tuesday and Thursday, and Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

(B) Latin in the afternoon and Sanskrit and Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

(D) Latin in the morning and Sanskrit and Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

68．Which gives the greatest number of alternatives for scheduling Celtic Literature, assuming that all other courses are scheduled without conflicts?

(A) Latin in the afternoon and Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

(B) Sanskrit on Tuesday and Thursday, and Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

(D) Latin in the morning and Sanskrit on Tuesday and Thursday

69．If the Celtic instructor insists on holding at least one session on Friday, in which of the following can Tom enroll?

I. Armenian Literature on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday

II. Sanskrit on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) I or II but not both

70．Which of the following additional courses, meeting as indicated, can Tom take?

(A) Old Church Slavonic—Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 10 a.m. to 12 noon

(B) Intermediated Aramaic—Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 11 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

(D) Fundamentals of Basque—Tuesday and Thursday from 1 to 3 p.m.

【答案与解析】

67．D 首先A项中周二和周四下午3点梵文课结束，而周一、三、五都是下午2点美国文学课结束，选择一周上两次塞尔特文学，时间段为周一、三、五任意两天的下午2点到4点，所以可以。B项中周一、三、五的是下午2点梵文课下课，赶上下午2点的拉丁AA课，周二、四先去上两小时的塞尔特文学，再去上12点的美国文学课，所以可以。C项中周一、三、五都是12点梵文下课，下午2点拉丁AA上课，选择一周上两次塞尔特文学，时间段为周一、三、五任意两天的中午12点到下午2点，所以可以。D项中周一、三、五的上午11点拉丁AA下课，而10点梵文课就要开始，时间冲突，所以不可以。

68．A 对于塞尔特文学课的要求是每周上一次四小时的课程或者两次两小时的课程，可选择从早上9点到下午4点的任意时间。A项中，拉丁语课为每天下午2点至4点，美国文学课为周一、三、五12点30分到下午2点，塞尔特文学课可选择的时间为周一、三、五的上午9点到12点半，以及周二、四的上午9点到下午2点，A项中塞尔特文学可选择的时间是最多的。B项中梵文课上课时间是周二、四12点到下午三点，美国文学课上课时间是周一、三、五12点30分到下午2点，塞尔特文学课可选择周一、三、五上午9点到12点30分，下午2点到4点，周二、四上午9点到12点。C项拉丁语上课时间为每天下午2点至4点，美国文学上课时间为周二、四早上10点30分到12点30分，因此塞尔特文学课可选择周一、三、五上午9点到下午2点。D项拉丁语课上课时间为每天上午9点到11点，梵文课为周二、四12点到3点，因此塞尔特文学课可选择周一、三、五11点到下午4点。

69．D 周五美国文学的上课时间为12点30分到2点，梵文课的时间为10点到12点，如果塞尔特文学课为2课时时，如果该天同时上美国文学和梵文课，占用时间为上午10点到下午2点，塞尔特文学可选择下午2点到4点。如果塞尔特文学为4课时，那么只能选择梵文课和美国文学其中一门。综上，答案选择D。

70．B A项中古教会斯拉夫语和美国文学、梵文课冲突。B项中，阿拉伯语中级课和梵文课有冲突。C项阿卡迪亚导论课和拉丁语、梵文课冲突。D项巴斯克语基础课和梵文课、拉丁语课有冲突。根据冲突最少，选择B项。

Part Two Linguistics 30 points (Write down your answers to the questions in this part of the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test center.)

1．Describe the ways in which changes in lexicon are made. (10 points)

【答案】

(1) Lexical changes are the quickest and easiest for people to notice, which is also a way of forming new words. Lexical changes involve many different ways and forms, such as invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation, analogical creation, class shift and borrowing.

(2) Invention is also called coinage, which refers to the new lexical items which come directly from the consumer items, their producers or their brand names, such as Coke, nylon and others to cope with the invention of new entities. Blending is a process in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words, such as alcopop (alcohol + pop), faction (fact + fiction) , flare (flame + glare) , etc. Abbreviation is a way of shortening a longer word into a shorter form, e.g. photograph - photo, gasoline - gas, etc and acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, e.g. NATO, UNESCO.

(3) Back-formation refers to an unusually abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. The principle of analogical creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the combination of some English verbs. By shifting word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation or conversion.

(4) Borrowing is also called loan, which means the words have been borrowed from the other languages. There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing: loanword is a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight change, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter; loanblend is a process in which part of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed; loanshift is a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native and loan translation is a special type of borrowing, in which each morpheme or word is translated in the equivalent morpheme or word in another language.

【解析】本题考查词汇变化的类型。词汇变化是产生新单词的一种方式，主要包括新创词，混成词，缩写法，缩略语，逆构词法，类推构词，词类转换，借词法。

2．What are the major design features of language? (5 points)

【答案】

The design features of language refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. These design features include arbitrariness, which is the core feature of language and refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. It is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree; duality, which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization.

The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements (e.g. sounds, letters) and units (e.g. words); creativity, which means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before; displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions; language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity and interchangeability which refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease.

【解析】本题考查语言的定义特征。首先解释语言的定义特征的含义，然后分别阐述几个定义特征：任意性，二重性，创造性，移位性，文化传递性和互换性。

3．What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels? (5 points)

【答案】In the description of sound segments, a basic distinction is made between consonants and vowels. Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity while vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Thus when describing vowels, there are several criteria: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low); the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back); the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short); lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded). For example, [i] can be described as high front tense unrounded vowel and [ɔ] can be described as low back lax rounded vowel.

【解析】本题考查元音语音特征的描述标准。描述元音特征时，一般包括四方面：舌头抬起的高度——高、中、低；舌头最高部分的高度——前、中、后；元音的长度或紧度；唇的圆展度——圆唇、非圆唇。

4．What is the relationship between linguistics and foreign language teaching? (10 points)

【答案】

(1) Foreign language teaching is part of applied linguistics and applied linguistics is a part or a branch of linguistics. Besides, knowledge of language will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also help them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical views of language explicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching.

(2) It is not easy to learn a foreign language, and it is more difficult to teach a foreign language. The teacher has to not only make his students understand the language, he must also develop their communicative competence so that they can use the language they have learned correctly, appropriately and expressively in real situations. In order to do this complicated job well, the teacher needs to know, apart from a comprehensive knowledge of the language and the ability to use it, as many teaching methods and techniques as possible, and understand the underlying theories and principles, therefore he not only knows what to teach and how to do it, but also why he should do it in a certain way and how to solve problems when they arise. In this way he will have full confidence in doing his job well.

(3) Language teachers are supposed to present the real language and the entire language during their teaching, not merely its phonology or lexicon or syntax. To discover the real language and to obtain some understanding of it, language teachers may well return to linguistics. Because obviously language teachers can learn as much as possible from linguistics and they can draw on linguistic achievements in language classroom. Thus it should be noted that linguistics plays an essential part in helping promote language teaching.

【解析】本题考查语言学和语言教学的关系。首先明确二者关系：语言教学是语言学的一个分支，语言学为语言教学提供理论基础和方法论，然后具体阐释。

Part Three Literature 50 points (Write down your answers to the questions in this part of the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test center.)

1．Write down the names of the authors of the following literary works: (8 points)

a. Pardoner’s Tale

【答案】Geoffrey Chaucer

b. Lords of the Flies

【答案】William Golding

c. The Rainbow

【答案】D.H. Lawrence

d. Essay on Criticism

【答案】Alexander Pope

e. The Naked and the Dead

【答案】Norman Mailer

f. Ambassador

【答案】Henry James

g. Lolita

【答案】Vladimir

h. The Sun Also Rises

【答案】Earnest Hemingway

2．Explain TWO of the following literary terms: (in about 50 words for each) (8 points)

A. modernism

【答案】It is a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature and other arts of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Fururism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada and Surrealism, along with the innovations of inaffiliated writers. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader. Modernist writing is predominatntly cosmopolitan, and often expresses a sense of urban cultural dislocation, along with an awareness of new anthropological and psychological theories. Its favored techniques of juxtaposition and multiple point of view challenge the reader to reestablish a coherence of meaning from fragmentary forms. In English, its major landmarks are Joyce’s Ulysses and Eliot’s The Waste Land.

B. imagism

【答案】Imagism is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909 to 1917. Led at first by Ezra Pound, and then turned—after his defection to Vorticism—by Amy Lowell, the group rejected most 19th- century poetry as cloudy verbiage, and aimed instead at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem. Influenced by the Japanese haiku and partly by ancient Greek lyrics, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms. Apart from Pound and Amy Lowell, the group included Hilda Doolittle, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint, D. H. Lawrence, Ford Madox Ford, and William Carlos Williams. Imagist poems and manifestos appeared in the American magazine Poetry and the London journal The Egoist.

C. black humor

【答案】It is the humor marked by the use of morbid, ironic, or grotesquely comic episodes that ridicule human folly. Although the French Surrealist André Breton published his Anthologie de l' humour noir in 1940, the term did not come into common sense until the 1960s. Among the best- known novelists to employ black humor were Nathanael West, Vladimir Nabokov, and Joseph Heller. An outstanding example of black humor is Heller’s Catch-22. Other novelists who mined the same vein included Kurt Vonnegut, particularly in Slaughterhouse Five; Thomas Pynchon, in V and Gravity’s Rainbow, and Bruce Jay Friedman in Stem.

D. New Criticism

【答案】It is a more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments, and as a determinist he tends towards pessimism. In literature, it aims at a faithful, unselective representation of reality, presented without moral judgment. Naturalism originated in France, where the leading exponent of the movement was Emile Zola, who claimed a ‘scientific’ status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects. In American literature, naturalism had a delayed blooming in the work of Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Jack London, and it reached its peak in novels of Theodore Dreiser whose Sister Carrie is the most significant work of naturalism in English.

E. Naturalism

【答案】New criticism is a movement in American literary criticism from the 1930s to the 1960s, concentrating on the verbal complexities and ambiguities of short poems considered as self-sufficient objects without attention to their origins or effects. The name comes from John Crowe Ransom’s book 7he New Criticism, in which he called for a more objective criticism focusing on the intrinsic qualities of a work rather than on its biographical or historical context. Other critics grouped under this heading, despite their differences, include Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren, Allen Tate, R. P. Blackmur, W. K. Wimsatt Jr. and Kenneth Burke.

3．Answer ONE of the following questions on British Literature (in no less than 100 words) (8 points):

A. Tell the names of the 5 major British romantic poets. Whom do you like best? Explain why.

【答案】Five major British romantic poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Noel Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats.

（后面两问为开放题，考生可根据作家作品自由发挥。）

B. Make a comparison between Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens in their descriptions of England.

【答案】

Both of their works have universal themes. Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of capitalist society. In his novels, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes are contrasted with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large scale criticism of the 19th century England, particularly London. Dickens seems to love a complicated and involved plot which envelopes the whole story in mystery until the fog is lifted at the end of the novel. However, Dickens could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self- perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He did not approve of the use of violence to right the social wrongs and so could not see a way out of the terrible situation. All these could be seen from his novels-the ever-present happy ending Dicken’ s novels is a good example.

Unlike Dickens, Hardy emphasizes the locality of the actions in the story. In writing about the part of England which he calls Wessex, he is actually recording the decline and later the destruction of the English farmers’ patriarchal mode of life in the countryside as the remnants of feudal practices were gradually replaced by the spread of capitalism in rural districts. He does not see this tendency and so he cannot account for the tragedy in many human lives in that social environment and can only regard it as the irony of fate or chance, as that mysterious something entirely beyond human intelligence and control. The underlying theme of Hardy’s writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rules the world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. Hardy’s view of life was essentially tragic; his characters often seem victims of malignant fate, especially if they rebel ,against “nature”.

4．Answer ONE of the following questions on American Literature (in no less than 100 words) (8 points):

A. Discuss the differences in themes between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.

【答案】

In his remarkable use of sex and sexual imagery, Whitman broke new ground in American writing. Leaves of Grass is avowedly the song of Sex and Amativeness, and even Animality. Whitman equated the body with the soul, and defined sexual experience as essentially spiritual experience. As to him, there is a conflict between “separate person” and “en masse”. Equality and democracy. Whitman extols the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. Song of Myself reveals a world of equality, without rank and hierarchy. Democracy is symbolized by the humblest of natural growth-the grass. His new man will speak in words simple as grass. Whitman also made the city and urban living conditions suitable settings for poetry.

By far the largest portion of Dickinson's poetry concerns death and immorality. According to her, death means leisure, grandeur, recognition; it means being with the few, rare people whom it was not possible to know fully upon earth. Death leads to immorality. Nature is another concern of Emily Dickinson. She sees nature as both gaily benevolent and cruel. In her poetry, Dickinson usually uses a flower to symbolize female consciousness, sex and fertile nature. In her early poems, flowers are usually beautiful, attractive, full of ornamentation, but passively subject to Grandeur Sun, Bee or Male appreciator to achieve her unity. In her later works, the value of flower comes from its own rights, rather than from those external objects. It must fight against bitter weather. Like Transcendentalism, Dickinson attacks over-emphasis on materialism and commercialism. Her sympathy for the poor and weak appears in poems. Like Emerson, Dickinson holds that beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one.

B. What changes have taken place in American literature since the Second World War? Make a comparison between the 30 years before and after the Second World War.

【答案】

The decades before the Second World War, American writers were faced with the same reality of want and despair like their brothers in Europe. It was apparent that social concern was topmost in the minds of many authors, and that social involvement was to be the major feature of the literature of the thirties. In addition to Dos Passos and his monumental trilogy, U. S. A., there were young novelists such as James T. Farrell ,John O’ H at a, and Erskine Caldwell who poured out their torrents of anger and protest in their left-oriented works. Another significant Depression writer was John Steinbeck whose novel, The Grapes of Wrath did much to publicize the injustices of migrant labor.

The post WWII is a very interesting period in the history of American literature, invigorated as it is with robust energy and bustling with creative activity. The new generation of authors have proved their newness and competence by a wide range of experimentation that would have dazzled even their brilliantly original predecessors like Faulkner and Hemingway. And the period after WWII has been one in which American fiction is noted for its fantasy and surrealism, its nonfiction, science fiction, black or absurd humor, parody and pop, and its experimental novelistic techniques, such as Saul Bellow’s social-psychological comedies, Norman Mailer’s provocative experiments, and John Barth’ s brilliant funhouse. Themes such as the tyranny of society, the subjugation of the individual, the quest for self-identity, and the self-indulgence of the writer in relation to his environment have become the concern of many contemporary authors. The post-war decades have also witnessed a spectacular growth in poetry. There have been “academy” poets and poets” outside the academy”.

5．Describe and make a comment on TWO of the following characters (in about 50 words for each) (8 points)

A. Huckleberry Finn

【答案】Huck is an outcast. He prefers living in the woods to being in a home, and he doesn’t think much of school, religious training, or being "civilized" in general. All of his virtues come from his good heart and his sense of humanity, for most of the things he was taught turned out to be wrong; so what Huck has got to do is to cut through social prejudices and social discriminations to find truth for himself.

B. Augie March

【答案】Augie March is a poor Jewish youth from Chicago, who, though battered by rough forces, yet remains a laughing creature, forever rising up. As the pastoral ideal of his never comes true, Augie starts wondering whether he is a man of hope or foolishness. Augie’s problem is archetypal of modem Western man. Modem civilization has made it virtually impossible to keep one’s individual identity.

C. Rebecca Sharp

【答案】In Vanity Fair, Rebecca Sharp is described as a selfish woman who hungers after respectability. Coming from a low background, she wants all the comforts that life can offer and has the capability and determination to sacrifice everything she has for it. It is her selfishness that leaves her lonely uncared for and unloved by everyone. She is a classic example of that money-grubbing instinct.

D. Hester Prynne

【答案】Hester is the protagonist of Hawthorne' s Scar/et Letter. At the beginning of the novel, the letter A signifies that Hester is an adulterer. She is passionate but also strong who endures years of shame and scorn. She equals both her husband and her lover in her intelligence and thoughtfulness. Her alienation puts her in the position to make acute observations about her community, particularly about its treatment of women. Hester also becomes a kind of compassionate maternal figure as a result of her experiences. By the novel' s end, Hester has become a proto-feminist mother figure to the women of the community. The letter A hence signifies that Hester is an able woman.

E. Macbeth

【答案】Macbeth is the evil King of Scotland who stole the throne from Duncan by murdering him and who sinks into a state of chaos because of his greed and guilt. His evil acts lead to his ruin. Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can have on a man who lacks strength of character.

6．Read the following poem and write a short essay based on the following questions (in about 120 words) (10 points):

Note:

*certes: certainly

Questions:

A. What is the poet’s concept of love?

B. Is the poet’s concept of love realistic? What do you think of it in modern society?

【答案】

This is the poem written by Elizabeth Barrett in which she records her love for Robert Browning. The story of the Brownings’ romance is famous today. The two met after Barrett praised one of Robert Browning’ s poems in her own work, The Courtship of lady Geraldine. Mr. Browning sent Barrett a letter thanking her and returning the critical compliment, saying, “I love your verses with all my heart-. and I love you . At that time, Elizabeth was not “golden” or lovely , but instead, dark, ill, and close to death. She was unsure if Robert’s sentiments can possibly be sincere. Just over a year later, however, the two eloped to Italy where Barrett Browning would live to write and publish for fifteen more years.

According to Elizabeth Barrett, love is a deep, heart-touching feeling and emotion that cannot be duplicated, imitated, or simulated. Love is, as described in this poem, the emotions of joy, happiness, caring, passion, commitment, pleasure, and even pain all rolled into one, which is shared between two people. True love means when one loves another, the love that they are feeling should encompass all attributes of the person they are loving. Elizabeth Barrett agrees that one should not love for a smile or a look, instead one should love for loves’ sake. True love is also a love that is eternal; true love is never ending. In modem society, this kind of love is rare.

This poem is comprised of 14 lines, written in iambic pentameter, and separated into an octave, in which the poem’ s story or question is introduced, and a sestet, in which the topic is resolved. The rhyme scheme of this poem is abba, abba, cdcdce.