郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
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第3章 翻译常用的八种技巧

3.1 复习笔记

翻译技巧中比较常用的有八种方法:1. 重译法(repetition);2. 增译法(amplification);3. 减译法(omission);4. 词类转移法(conversion);5. 词序调整法(inversion);6. 分译法(division);7. 正说反译,反说正译法(negation);8. 语态变换法(the change of the voices)。

第1节 重译法

一、重译法的使用

1.少用代词而重复使用名词

为了使译文明确或强调某些内容,就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这些误解,在某些文体中,特别是在合同、条约等正式的应用文体中,要少用代词而重复使用名词。例:

“Both contracting parties undertake jointly to adopt all necessary measures at their disposal for the purpose of preventing the resumption of aggression and violation of peace on the part of Japan or any other state which would collaborate with Japan directly or indirectly in act of aggression. In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediately render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.”

“缔约国双方保证共同尽力采取一切必要的措施,以期制止日本或其他直接或间接在侵略行为上与日本相勾结的任何国家之重新侵略与破坏和平。一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽其全力给予军事及其他援助。”

2.重复宾语

在英语中,一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。定语后的名词亦如此。如:

We have to analyze and solve problems.

我们要分析问题,解决问题。

3.省略部分的重译

英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。例:

I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.

我已提前完成了交给我的工作,他也提前完成了交给他的工作。

4.被定语从句修饰的名词在英译汉中的重复

We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.

我们提倡和平共处的原则,这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。

5.传达原文生动性

在汉译英时,往往还有下面两种情况:一是汉语重复,英译时也重复;二是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性。

(1) 这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。

What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figures.

(2) 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。

A large family has its difficulties.

(3) 车辚辚,马萧萧,行人弓箭各在腰。

Chariots rumble and roll;horses whinny and neigh. Footmen at their girdle bows and arrows display.

与汉译英的情况相似,英译汉时有时也要根据各自的习惯用法进行重复。如:

Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace—but there is no peace.

先生们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。

第2节 增译法

一、定义

为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法。

二、增译法的规则

增词的情况是各种各样的。总的规则是:

1.增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语,但为了忠实传达原文信息,译文非增不可2. 增加动词

3.增加名词

4.增加主谓结构

5.增加定语

6.增加状语或副词

7.增加语气助词

8.增加代词

9.增加连词:汉译英时,增加连词的情况是常见的,因为英语的连词比汉语使用得多。冠词的情况更是如此。

第3节 减译法

一、定义

减译法是增译法的反面。减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的;换言之,减译法是删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词,但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。

二、使用

冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词,等等,在英语中经常使用,但译成汉语时几乎很少出现,要使译文忠实而地道,减译法就自然必不可少了。如:

(1) A book is useful.

书(是)有用(的)。

(2) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.

他双手插进口袋,然后耸了耸双肩。

第4节 词类转移法

定义及使用

在翻译时,由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文必须改变词类,这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变,而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。如:

(1) 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。

【译文】The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.

【解析】这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的,但分析一下汉英文中的词类,却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中,差不多都发生了变化:“学好”是动词,意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词;“随便”是副词,意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy,等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同,不作任何改变,那么这就不成一句英文句子了。

(2) In those years the Republicans were in.

那些年是共和党执政。(形容词→动词)

第5节 词序调整法

一、定义

inversion作为一种翻译技巧,其意思为,翻译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变,并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。

二、九种倒装

某些语言学家所说的九种倒装,是语法概念,是指同一种语言内的倒装情况,有其各自独特的语言构成方式。这些情况与方式和它们被译成另一种语言后的语言构成形式并非完全相同。试对照每种倒装例句的英文及其译文:

1.Interrogative inversion(疑问倒装):What did you do yesterday?(你昨天干什么?)

2.Imperative inversion(命令倒装): “Speak you,” said Mr. Black, “speak you, good fellow!”(布莱克先生命令道:“说,说吧!伙计!”)

3.Exclamatory inversion(惊叹倒装):How dreadful is this place!(这地方好可怕啊!)

4.Hypothetical inversion(假设倒装):Had you come yesterday, you could have seen him here. (要是你昨天来了,你就会在这里看到他的。)

5.Balance inversion(平衡倒装):Through a gap came an elaborately described ray. (从一个空洞透出一束精心设计的光线。)

6.Link inversion(衔接倒装):On this depends the whole argument. (整个争论都以此为论据。)

7.Signpost inversion(点题倒装):By strategy is meant something wider. (战略的意义比较广。)

8.Negative inversion(否定倒装):Not a word did he say. (他只字未说。)

9.Metrical inversion(韵律倒装):在诗行中常用此倒装。如:As pants the hart for cooling streams. (在一般散文或小说中的正常语序中这行诗应为: As the hart pants for cooling streams. 意思为:因为公鹿渴望清凉的小溪。)

上述九条可说明:语法倒装一般是指主语与谓语或与谓语的一部分颠倒位置,而翻译中的inversion是指译文与原文相比,词序发生了变化,故名“词序调整法”。

三、使用

1.短语翻译

(1) Miss Fang方小姐

(2) Room 911911房间

2.句子翻译

They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their sides.

他们都是那些抛妻别子、身带大刀进入深山的好汉们的后代。

第6节 正说反译,反说正译法

一、定义

negation作为一种翻译技巧,它主要指在翻译实践中,为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。

二、使用

从下面的例句中,可以体会“正说反译,反说正译”在翻译中使用的一些情况。

(1) I don’t think Tom is correct.

【译文】我认为汤姆不对。

【解析】不译成:我不认为汤姆是对的。

(2) A:Are you not going tomorrow?

B:No, I'm not going.

甲:你明天不去吗?

乙:是的,我不去。

(3) 会议开得冷冷清清,有时甚至开不下去了。

The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up.

(4) 使用按键,勿用力过猛。

Avoid operating the keys roughly.

一般说来,双重否定等于肯定,但作为一种粗俗英语或亚标准英语,一直被以英语为母语的人们,特别是英语国家的不少劳动人民在使用,表示强调否定之义。遇到这类句子,一定要认真研究上下文,弄清它到底是肯定还是否定。如果是一种亚标准英语,就不要译成肯定意思。如:

(1) We never thought of nothing wrong.

【译文】正译:我们从来没想到有什么错误。

【解析】正规英语为We never thought of anything wrong.

误译:我从来都想到了有错误。

(2) They would not eat themselves, and would not let others neither.

【译文】他们自己不吃(东西),也不让别人吃(东西)。

【解析】在标准英语中,neither应改成either。

第7节 分译法

一、定义

分译法主要用于长句的翻译。为了使译文忠实、易懂,有时不得不把一个长句译成两句或更多的句子。division作为一种翻译技巧,它除了指句子分译外,还包括某些词语意义的分译。

(一)单词分译:

1.单词词义分译:

英语有些单词一个词内集合了几个语义成分。译成汉语时,不易找到合适的对等词,很难将其词义一下全部表达出来。这种情况下,汉译可采用分析型,即“扩展”型的方法分译原语,将其语义成分分布到几个不同的词语上。如:

...that little pink-faced chit Amelia with not half any sense, has ten thousand pounds and an establishment secure, …

爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿,还没有我一半懂事,倒有一万镑财产,住宅家具奴仆一应俱全……

2.单词搭配分译:

英语中有些词语间的搭配关系颇有特点,汉译时要打破原文的结构,按照汉语习惯,将有关词语分别译出。如:

She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own, …

【译文】她心地厚道,性格温柔可疼,器量又大,为人又乐观……

【解析】heart一词被分译成“心地”、“性格”、“器量”和“为人”四个词,再与它前面的五个形容词搭配。

3.灵活对等分译:

英语中有些单词,如果按其在句中的位置机械地译成汉语,往往意义不够明确。遇到这类情况,应采用灵活对等分译,不拘泥于形式对应。如:

Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself…

【译文】我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想,憧憬着美丽的将来……

【解析】如果逐字译成“我们的浪漫的小朋友憧憬着未来……”并不能算错,但意思却不甚明了,因为“浪漫”一词在汉语中的含义较多。此处为“想人非非”,所以拆译成“一脑袋幻想”较为明确,既突出了人物性格,又避免了翻译腔。

4.突出语言重点:

有时逐字翻译虽然也能通顺,但却不如分译能传达句内所含的语意重点。如:

…there was in the old library at Queen’s Crawley a considerable provision of works of light literature of the last century,both in the French and English languages…

……在女王的克劳莱大厦的书房里,有不少18世纪的文学作品,有英文的,也有法文的,都是些轻松的读物……

5.修辞需要词语分译:

有时将单词分译只是为了达到某种修辞效果,如:

And in their further disputes she always returned to this point, “Get me a situation—we hate each other, and I am ready to go. ”

【译文】从此以后他们每拌一次嘴,她就回到老题目,说道:“给我找个事情,反正咱们你恨我我嫌你,我愿意走。”

【解析】一个hate分译成“恨”与“嫌”两个字,使得译笔生动,读者似乎如见其人,如闻其声。

(二)句子分译:

一个长句分译成几句中的句子的含义不在于结尾处用句号,而在于有无主谓结构。一般说来,含有一个主谓结构的语言部分就是一个句子。

1.含定语从句的句子:

在英汉互译时,特别是在英译汉中,如能将定语从句译成前置定语,则尽量避免其他译法;如译成前置定语不合适,则按其他方法翻译,一般是分译成另外一个独立的句子或另一种从句。如:

“Well, there’s never anything happened in my family I’m ashamed of.”

【译文】“嘿,我家可从来没出现过见不得人的事。”

【解析】译成前置定语

2.其他长句的某些翻译规则:

(1) 一个长句包含作者的多步逻辑推理,英译汉时可用分译法。如:

Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labour, tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers, with their wives and children, were forced into the cities in search of work, any work, under any condition, that would keep them alive.

【译文】于是,就出现了这样的情况,正当新办的工厂纷纷成立、需要劳动力的时候,成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘的从事农业的劳动者,携妻带儿,被迫流入城市;他们要找活干,不管什么活儿,不讲什么条件,只要不让他们饿死就行。

【解析】这段译文把原作者的逻辑推理表达得一清二楚:新工厂要求廉价劳动力并容易得到,是因大批农民破产,流往城市,急于找到工作。

(2) 当修饰主语的成分,特别是非限制性定语从句太长时,要分译。如:

It had been anticipated that results would now begin to show an increase in living standards in Russia. Instead, the necessity to greatly increase the direct expenditure on armaments and still further raise the already high percentage of the national income devoted to defense means a further postponement of reward to the ordinary workers and consumers as a consequence of the great industrial effort since war.

原来预料俄国的生活水平现在会因此而提高。可是不然,直接的军费需要大大增加,在国民收入中已占很大比例的国防费用还需要更加提高。这也就是说,由于战后工业方面的巨大努力,普通工人和消费者可得到好处的时间,又要推迟了。

(3) 宾语的修饰成分太长时亦需分译。如:

The Prime Minister added, “we are now once again regarded by other states as a power whose judgment can be trusted and whose promises can be relied on.”

首相说:“我们这个大国的判断是可以相信的,我们这个大国的诺言是可以信赖的;现在其他国家又把我们当作这样的大国了。”

(4) 当状语太长而硬译成一句变得不容易读或不易理解时,应该分译。如:

A report of the proposed compromise plan came from a reliable source only a few hours after the president’s special envoy, Mr. X, emerged from his fifth secret session with the Egyptian Foreign Minister and told newsmen “A solution is in sight.”

关于折中方案的消息是一位可靠人士传出来的。在这个消息传出之前不过几小时,总统的特使某先生在与埃及外长进行第五次秘密会谈之后,曾对记者说“解决方案现已在望”。

(5) 一个长句的从句实际上起过渡或承上启下作用,即是说此从句可以帮助长句的前一部分向后一部分过渡,这时要分译。例如:

This suggestion was made today by the influential New York Times which predicted a ‘change of topic’ at the forthcoming meeting,with emphasis shifting from armament limitation to human rights...

这个建议是有影响的《纽约时报》今天提出来的。该报预言,即将举行的会议,“议题会有改变”,侧重点会由武器限制问题转到人权问题……

(6) 一长句提及多个方面内容,可以在分译中重译原文的某个关键性词语。如:

“The Civil War, lasting four years and costing at least a million lives, civilian and military, was the most extensive war ever fought on the soil of the New World, a war that proved to the planters in a revolutionary way that human being in America could no longer be bought or sold, worked and killed at will to serve the profit of parasitic landowners.

美国的南北战争历时四年之久,夺去了至少一百万军民的生命,是在新大陆(新世界)进行过的规模最大的一次战争,这次战争以革命的方式使种植园主认识到:在美国,再也不能为了寄生的土地所有者的利益而把人任意买卖、任意驱使、任意杀害了。

3.典型长句英汉对照:

I wish either my father or my mother, or indeed both of them, as they, were in duty both equally bound to it, had minded what they were about when they begot me;had they duly considered how much depended upon what they were then doing:—that not only the production of a rational being was concerned in it, but that possibly the happy formation and temperature of his body, perhaps his genius and the very cast of his mind;—and, for aught they knew to the contrary, even the fortunes of his whole house might take their turn from the humours and dispositions which were then uppermost;—had they duly weighed and considered all this, and proceeded accordingly, I am verily persuaded I should have made a quite different figure in the world, from that in which the reader is likely to see me.

我希望我的父亲或是我的母亲,不,我的双亲,因为他们两人同样地对此都有义务,当他们生我的时候,曾注意到他们所做的事;如果他们适当地想过,他们当时所做的事,是有何等大的影响;那不单是产生一个有理性的人,而且身体适合的形成和要素的配合,也许他的天赋及其心灵的典型都产生出来;而由于那时他们最强烈的性情和意向,恐怕要甚至改变他们全家的命运;如果他们适当地仔细考虑过这一切,因而照着进行的话,我确信我早成为与读者诸君此后可能见到的我,完全两样的一个人物了吧。

4.汉语长句英译的分译:

和英译汉的情形差不多,汉语长句英译也可使用分译法。

(1) 如果长句以一表示判断或小结的从句结尾,可使用分译法。如:

这些国家的共产党和进步党派,正促使它们的政府和我们做生意,以至建立外交关系,这是善意的,这就是援助。

The Communist Parties and progressive groups in these countries are urging their governments to establish trade and even diplomatic relations with US. This is goodwill. This is help.

(2) 如果汉语句子较长,其中有语气或话题的转折,为了使英译文明确,可进行分译。如:

蒋介石说,中国过去没有内战,只有剿匪;不管叫什么吧,总之要发动反人民的内战。

Chiang Kai-shek says there has never been any “civil war” in China, only” bandit suppression”. Whatever he likes to call it,the fact is he wants to start a civil war against the people.

(3) 如果汉语长句中含有反问句(或反诘句)或感叹号,英译时通常要分译。例如:

不和中国的人民民主专政的当局好好地打交道,却要干这些混账工作,而且公开地发表出来,丢脸!丢脸。

Instead of dealing with the authorities of the Chinese people’s democratic dictatorship in the proper way, Acheson and his like are doing filthy work, and, what is more, they have openly published it. What a loss of face! What a loss of face!

(4) 如果汉语长句中含有从一般到具体或从具体到一般的过渡,英译时应分译。例如:

这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白,务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风,务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗的作风。

This must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain modest,prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.

(5) 如果汉语长句中含有几个平行的子句,各讲一个方面的内容,英译时最好分译。例如:

我军的现代化,就是要有一支强大的陆军空军海军,要有现代化的武器装备,包括导弹和核武器,要严格训练,要按实战要求苦练过硬的杀敌本领,熟练掌握使用现代化武器装备的新技术,以及随之而来的新战术。

Our army’s modernization calls for powerful ground, air and naval forces and modern arms and equipment, including guided missiles and nuclear weapons; it calls for rigorous and hard training to develop the ability to wipe out the enemy as required in actual combat; it calls for mastery of the new techniques involved in handling modern arms and equipment and of the new tactics entailed.

第8节 语态变换法

一、定义

这里说的语态是指主动语态和被动语态。这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的:英语大量使用被动语态,而汉语则很少使用。因此在英汉互译中,要经常变换语态,以使译文符合习惯用法,显得地道而自然。如:

The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, SO we must get well prepared for it.

即将举行的物理考试据说相当困难,所以我们必须做好充分准备。

二、英语被动句译成汉语主动句

这一方法分四种情况:

1.原文主语在译文中仍作主语

2.原文主语在译文中作宾语

3.译成带表语的主动句

4.注意英语常用被动句型的汉语习惯译法

It is hoped that…希望……

It is reported that…据报道……

It is said that…据说……

It is supposed that…据推测……

It must be admitted that… 必须承认……

It must be pointed out that… 必须指出……

It is asserted that…有人主张……

It is believed that…有人相信……

It is well known that…众所周知……

It will be said that…人们会说……

It was told that…人们曾说……

1 was told that…我听说……

三、译成汉语被动句:

除用“被”字外,还可以用“受到”、“遭到”、“为……所……”等字眼

四、译成含有“把”、“使”或“由”等字眼的汉语句子