重症医学:2017
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9 外周血嗜酸性粒细胞-慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重的生物标志物

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是严重危害人类健康的常见病与多发病,目前仍缺乏能有效监测COPD发生发展及预后的生物标记物。慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)通常与嗜酸性粒细胞炎症有关 [1],10%~40%的COPD患者存在嗜酸性粒细胞气道炎症 [2],痰液嗜酸性粒细胞增高的哮喘和COPD患者对糖皮质激素治疗反应良好 [3],且外周血嗜酸性粒细胞水平临界值为2%时对AECOPD具有较好的敏感性和特异性。本文对最新发现的COPD标记物综述如下。
一、COPD患者外周血与痰嗜酸性粒细胞
1.外周血嗜酸性粒细胞可以反映COPD患者痰嗜酸性粒细胞水平
Bafadhel发现血嗜酸性粒细胞大于2%时对痰嗜酸性粒细胞增高的预测值达到90% [4],痰中嗜酸性粒细胞表达越高越能预测支气管高反应性,当痰嗜酸性粒细胞大于3%时,会导致COPD急性发作趋于频繁,且评分增高 [5]。研究表明痰液嗜酸性粒细胞增多的稳定期COPD患者,与痰液嗜酸性粒细胞非增高者相比,其血中嗜酸性粒细胞计数显著升高 [6],不同阈值外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数对于预测痰嗜酸性粒细胞增多具有不同的特异性和灵敏性,也有研究表明血嗜酸性粒细胞计数>162个/μl或>2.6%能够更好预测痰嗜酸性粒细胞增加 [7]
2.外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数不受糖皮质激素影响
James发现糖皮质激素对COPD患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数影响较小 [8],COPD患者被随机分为非ICS治疗组(含沙美特罗或安慰剂)和ICS治疗组,6周及12周两组血嗜酸性粒细胞计数无显著变化,此结果也得到其他研究的证实 [9]
二、血嗜酸性粒细胞与COPD的治疗及预后
1.血嗜酸性粒细胞与AECOPD
接受糖皮质激素治疗的AECOPD住院患者,其中高血嗜酸性粒细胞患者的住院天数低于低嗜酸性粒细胞患者,而再次住院率及此次发作和下一次急性发作的时间间隔无明显差异 [10];也有研究表明高嗜酸性粒细胞患者(≥2%)具有更高的再入院率,而1年死亡率未见明显增加 [11];Simon不但发现高血嗜酸性粒细胞COPD患者具有更高的AECOPD发作风险及再入院率,也具有更高的12月全因入院风险,且再次发作时间间歇明显缩短,而住院时间无明显差异 [12];也有研究发现外周血嗜酸性粒细胞是COPD患者因肺炎急性加重而死亡的独立预测因素 [13]。嗜酸性粒细胞水平在COPD急性加重时明显升高,重度加重患者其升高的水平明显高于中度加重患者 [14]。另外低血嗜酸性粒细胞COPD患者具有更高的肺炎发生率 [15]
2.血嗜酸性粒细胞与糖皮质激素治疗
单独采用维兰特罗或联合不同剂量糠酸氟替卡松治疗中、重度COPD [16],糠酸氟替卡松能明显减少急性加重的发生率(下降率29%),而对于低嗜酸性粒细胞患者下降率仅为10%,联合治疗时血嗜酸性粒细胞水平表达越高,急性加重发作频率减少越明显。对于高血嗜酸性粒细胞COPD患者,氟替卡松联合沙美特罗较噻托溴铵治疗可明显减少AECOPD的急性发作频率,但对于低血嗜酸性粒细胞患者,其疗效无明显差异。COPD患者在暂停ICS治疗后,AECOPD中度或重度加重发生率明显增加,且随着血嗜酸性粒细胞水平升高,COPD急性加重发生率显著上升,提示血嗜酸性粒细胞升高是AECOPD发生的高危因素 [17]。另外研究也发现高剂量ICS对于高血嗜酸性粒细胞COPD患者具有更好的疗效,患者第一秒用力呼气量明显增加,AECOPD发作频率明显下降,CAT评分显著改善,且肺炎、声音嘶哑及口腔念珠菌发生率无显著改变 [18-20]
血嗜酸性粒细胞可以作为预测AECOPD的表型,但需进一步观察稳定期COPD患者的变化规律,外周血嗜酸性粒细胞在急性发作时是否能指导患者的分层治疗,是否需要联合其它生物标志物如骨膜蛋白,根据计数使用及调整糖皮质激素仍需要进一步研究。鉴于COPD的复杂性及多样性,单一的生物标志物不能完全满足要求,因此多种生物标志物组合成为研究方向。

(徐远达)

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