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3.Localization of core proteins in acute venous thrombus
The β1 subunit is mainly found on the lymphocytes and platelets, and its ligand includes laminin, collagen, thrombospondin, fibronetin and VCAM-1. The β2 subunit is mainly distributed on the neutrophils and monocytes, and its ligand includes fibrinogen, ICAM,factor X and ic3b. The β3 subunit is mainly observed on the platelets, and its ligand includes fibrinogen, fibronetin, vitronectin, vWF and thrombospondin [10-12].
In a study, the authors collected the thrombi from patients with acute PE, and detected the expression and distribution of integrins β1, β2 and β3 in thrombi and ligands of integrin subunits β1, β2 and β3 by immunohistochemistry [13]. They found that the dark-brown integrin β1 was expressed on the lymphocytes, but no expression of laminin, fibronectin, collagen-Ⅰ or collagen-Ⅱ was observed on the lymphocytes.Meanwhile the dark-brown integrin β2 was expressed on the neutrophils and bound to fibrinogen. ICAM, factor X and iC3b were expressed on neutrophils, whereas the darkbrown integrin β3 was expressed on platelets, which aggregated as a coral-like structure to become thrombotic skeleton, and these platelets bound fibrinogen to construct mesh structure(Figure 2-3-1). No expression of fibronectin, vitronectin or vWF was observed on the platelets; the dark-brown factor Xa was distributed on the mesh-like structure,which was composed of fibrin/fibrinogen.
Figure 2-3-1 Immunohistochemistry showed that the darkbrown integrin β3 was expressed on the platlets, which aggregate the skeleton of thrombus and bind with fibrinogen to generate a mesh-like structure (anti-f i brinogen antibody, 1∶100,×1000). (International Journal Of Clinical And Experimental Medicine,2015,8(11):19804-19814)
More than 30 years ago, people invented different types of artificial vena caval filter used in clinics, the mechanism of which is preventing the genesis of PE by blocking the deep venous thrombi flowing back to pulmonary arteries through the filter. Core proteins of thrombi, integrins β2 and β3, bind their ligand fibrinogen to construct mesh structure, which becomes a nest-like filter in thrombi.
As a precise and perfect life entity, the human body always functions towards the beneficial aspects and the balance, stability and extension of internal and external environments. The construction of intravenous biological filter is the result of self-regulation of human body. But what are the effects of biological filter on human body? And what are the meanings of the body regulation and the construction of a biological filter?
The author of a recent report found a biological filter in veins of the resected sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma tissues [14], in which malignant cells were found in the biological filter and interfered with hematogenous metastasis of cancer cells.
We previously reported virus-like microorganisms in the T lymphocytes of peripheral blood of a PAH and VTE patient with low CD 3 and CD 8 [15] and rod-like bacteria in the phagocytes of peripheral blood in patients with recurrent PE [16]. The heterophilic antigens (pathogenic microorganisms or cancerated cells) cannot be timely or effectively cleared, indicating that the human body needed to build a new defense line when losing functions of immune cells.