中国临床肿瘤学进展2018
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晚期肺鳞癌治疗进展

周清
广东省人民医院广东省肺癌研究所

全球范围内肺癌发病率在持续升高,升高趋势在中低收入国家尤其明显。虽然近十几年肺癌的治疗不断突破,2010—2014年诊断的中国肺癌患者5年生存率已经可以达到20%~30%,纵观全世界肺癌患者的生存自2000年以来改善了5%~10%,而中国肺癌患者的生存改善甚至超过了10%[1],但生存改善的原因可能与肺腺癌治疗的进步有关。60%以上的肺腺癌可以找到驱动基因[2],针对包括人表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)、棘皮动物微管相关蛋白样4(echinoderm microtubule-associated proteinlike 4,EML4)/间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)和ROS1基因融合等的靶向药物不断推陈出新,明显改善了肺腺癌患者的生存。但是占全部肺癌的25%~30%肺鳞癌因其常见驱动基因如EGFR突变和ALK基因重排的发生率很低,分别为约2.7%和1.5%~2.5%[3-6],仅有少数鳞癌患者有机会接受EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)或ALK抑制剂治疗。除此之外,肺鳞癌常表现为中央型肿瘤、发病时高龄、诊断时分期晚、合并症较多等,使其治疗充满挑战。肺鳞癌因其基因突变复杂,未能从靶向药物中获益,但很可能从免疫治疗中获益[7-13]。本文将从化疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗几个方面综述近年来晚期肺鳞癌的治疗进展。

1 化疗

绝大部分肺鳞癌无明确驱动基因,因此化疗在晚期肺鳞癌的治疗中有着不可替代的地位。包括体能状态(performance status,PS)评分、年龄、患者经济情况等因素均会影响肺鳞癌化疗方案的选择。对于PS评分比较好的晚期肺鳞癌患者,含铂双药化疗仍然是一线标准治疗。欧美及中国指南均推荐以顺铂或卡铂为基础的双药联合方案进行一线化疗。对于不适合铂类化疗的患者,既往可选择非铂双药联合方案,2015年在Lancet Oncology上日本西部肿瘤协作组(Western Japan oncology group,WJOG)发表了奈达铂联合多西他赛对比顺铂联合多西他赛一线治疗晚期肺鳞癌的研究结果提供了新的选择[14],奈达铂组较顺铂组的生存略有优势[中位OS 13.6个月vs.11.4个月,HR=0.81(95% CI 0.65~1.02),P=0.037],同时降低了3级以上非血液学毒性发生率(包括恶心、乏力、低钠血症和低钾血症等),但奈达铂组3级以上血液学毒性发生率高于对照组(包括白细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少及血小板减少)。来自中国的相同治疗方案用于一线肺鳞癌治疗的JUST研究结果在2017年世界肺癌大会发布[15],在研究全分析集(FAS)中,奈达铂组的中位无疾病进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)较顺铂组有延长趋势,中位PFS 5.47个月vs.4.69个月[HR=0.778(90%CI 0.599~1.009),P=0.0564];符合方案集(PPS)中,奈达铂组有PFS优势,中位PFS 5.52个月vs.4.65个月[HR=0.760(95%CI 0.585~0.989),P=0.0392],同时降低了3级以上非血液学毒性(包括恶心呕吐和肌酐异常)和部分血液学毒性(贫血)反应的发生率,但奈达铂组3级以上血小板减少发生率高于对照组。基于上述结果,对于不能耐受顺铂或卡铂的患者,奈达铂可作为替代选择。

一线治疗后维持治疗因其低毒、高效的优点成为晚期驱动基因阴性肺腺癌标准治疗模式。在鳞癌中维持治疗同样有重要作用。2012年Journal of Clinical Oncology发表的一项Ⅲ期临床研究IFCT-GFPC 0502结果显示[16],吉西他滨联合顺铂诱导化疗后单药吉西他滨维持治疗组较观察组显著延长了PFS[3.8个月vs.1.9个月,HR=0.56(95% CI 0.44~0.72),P<0.001],同样厄洛替尼单药维持组也较观察组有PFS获益[2.9个月vs.1.9个月,HR=0.69(95%CI 0.54~0.88),P=0.003]。另一项探索吉西他滨联合顺铂诱导化疗后吉西他滨单药维持治疗的Ⅲ期临床试验结果也显示[17]维持治疗组对比最佳支持治疗组显著延长了疾病进展时间(Time to Progression,TTP)(3.6个月vs.2个月,P<0.001),尤其在基线行为状态评分(Karnofsky Performance Status,KPS)>80分的患者中取得了明显的总生存期获益[中位OS 25.3个月vs.12.2个月,HR=2.1(95%CI 1.2~3.8)]。除了同药维持治疗之外,换药维持也有成功探索。2009年JCO杂志发表的一项Ⅲ期临床研究对比了一线吉西他滨联合顺铂化疗后随即予多西他赛维持治疗或待进展后再予多西他赛的生存情况[18],结果显示维持治疗组有总生存获益趋势(中位OS 12.3个月vs.9.7个月,P=0.0853);PFS显著延长(5.7个月vs.2.7个月,P=0.0001)。因此一线吉西他滨联合铂类诱导化疗后疾病控制有效且KPS评分较好的患者,可行吉西他滨同药维持或多西他赛换药维持治疗。

此外,虽然白蛋白紫杉醇未在中国获批用于治疗肺癌,但一项入组1052例患者的Ⅲ期临床研究对比了白蛋白结合型紫杉醇和紫杉醇分别联合卡铂一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的疗效,研究结果显示[19]鳞癌亚组中,白蛋白紫杉醇联合卡铂较紫杉醇联合卡铂取得更高的有效率[41% vs.24%,OR 1.680(95%CI 1.271~2.221),P<0.001]。因此该方案仍是晚期肺鳞癌一线治疗的有效方案。

大部分研究的入组要求限制了ECOG评分情况,因此对临床中常见的PS 2分的晚期肺鳞癌患者如何治疗是个重要的临床问题。两项分别包含6个和11个临床研究的meta分析[20-21]进行了单药和双药联合化疗的对比,结果均提示联合化疗组较单药组显著提高了中位OS[HR=0.72(95%CI 0.61~0.84),P<0.0001;HR=0.79(95%CI 0.71~0.88),P<0.001],但同时也显著增加了3~4级血液学毒性反应发生率。此外一项针对PS 2分的晚期非小细胞肺癌的Ⅲ期临床研究[22]对比了紫杉醇联合卡铂与吉西他滨或长春瑞滨单药的疗效与安全性。虽然联合组的TTP较单药组有优势(4.6个月vs.3.5个月,P<0.001),但中位OS并无统计学差异(8.0个月vs.6.6个月,P=0.184),且联合组的3~4级毒性发生率高于单药组(40% vs.22%),中性粒细胞减少(16%)和血小板减少(7%)是双药联合组最常见的3~4级不良反应。因此对未经选择的PS 2分的晚期肺鳞癌患者,单药化疗是标准治疗,联合化疗则需根据患者的整体情况权衡获益与毒性后慎重选择,此外最佳支持治疗可以单独或联合上述治疗用于这部分患者。

高龄是肺鳞癌治疗面临的另一个重要临床问题,约1/3的患者初诊肺癌时已经75岁或以上。一项来自意大利的多中心研究(MILES研究)[23]对比了吉西他滨联合长春瑞滨和吉西他滨或长春瑞滨单药在老年(≥70岁)非小细胞肺癌患者中的疗效,结果显示:联合化疗组较单药组无生存获益。而一项入组451例老年患者(70~89岁)的Ⅲ期、随机、多中心的IFCT-0501研究[24]却得到不同的结果。该研究对比了紫杉醇联合卡铂(紫杉醇每周给药,卡铂每月给药)和吉西他滨或长春瑞滨单药治疗老年非小细胞肺癌患者的疗效与安全性,结果显示:联合化疗组较单药组取得了明显的中位OS获益[10.3个月vs.6.2个月,HR=0.64(95% CI 0.52~0.78),P<0.0001]。但联合化疗组3~4级不良反应发生率的增高,尤其是血液学毒性(中性粒细胞减少48.4% vs.12.4%,中性粒细胞减少性发热9.4% vs.2.7%,贫血9.4% vs.4.4%,血小板减少6.7% vs.0.9%),此外乏力和感觉神经毒性也相应增加,分别为10.3% vs.5.8%和3.1% vs.0.4%。由此可知对于老年患者,联合相比于单药,生存获益的同时伴随着不良反应的发生,全面评估PS评分、多器官功能及伴随疾病等因素后选择恰当的治疗方案。

指南推荐的二线化疗方案为多西他赛单药或吉西他滨单药化疗,具体选择要取决于一线方案、患者二线治疗时的PS评分及患者意愿等等。一项针对NSCLC二线治疗的Ⅲ期随机临床研究[25]探索了多西他赛两个剂量[100mg/m2(D100)、75mg/m2(D75)]化疗对比长春瑞滨、异环磷酰胺(V/I)化疗的疗效,结果显示:多西他赛组的有效率高于长春瑞滨和异环磷酰胺(10.8% vs.6.7% vs.0.8%,D100 vs.V/I P=0.001,D75 vs.V/I P=0.036,D vs.V/I P=0.002),但三组的总生存未见统计学差异。因此不适合多西他赛或吉西他滨化疗的患者,长春瑞滨或异环磷酰胺等传统化疗药物单药化疗也是可选方案。

2 靶向治疗

肺鳞癌中EGFR突变、ALK基因重排等常见驱动基因突变发生率很低,NCCN指南仍推荐不吸烟或较少吸烟患者常规进行EGFR和ALK检测,若有基因突变应首先应用相应的TKI治疗。值得注意的是EGFR TKI不仅能在EGFR阳性的非小细胞肺癌治疗中发挥作用,也有在未经基因筛选的晚期肺鳞癌二线治疗中有成功探索。TITAN研究[26]对比了厄洛替尼和多西他赛二线治疗含铂双药化疗后疾病进展且不经基因状态筛选的NSCLC患者,其结果显示出非劣效性(中位OS 5.3个月vs.5.5个月,HR=0.96(95% CI 0.78~1.19),P=0.73)。LUX-LUNG8研究[27]对阿法替尼与厄洛替尼作为晚期肺鳞癌患者二线治疗的疗效进行了比较。与厄洛替尼相比,阿法替尼取得了更显著的PFS优势[中位PFS 2.6个月vs.1.9个月,HR=0.81(95% CI 0.69~0.96),P=0.0103]和总生存获益[中位OS 7.9个月vs.6.8个月,HR=0.81(95% CI 0.69~0.95),P=0.0077]。因此EGFR TKI也成为不能接受化疗药物的肺鳞癌二线患者的可选方案;抗EGFR的单克隆抗体necitumumab也能使晚期肺鳞癌患者获益。在一项对比necitumumab联合吉西他滨/顺铂和单纯吉西他滨联合顺铂化疗用于晚期肺鳞癌一线治疗的Ⅲ期临床研究中[28],necitumumab联合化疗组取得生存获益[中位OS 11.5个月vs.9.9个月,HR=0.84(95%CI 0.74~0.96),P=0.01]。该研究也为晚期肺鳞癌一线治疗提供更多选择。

贝伐单抗等抗血管生成的靶向药物因出血、血栓等不良反应避免用于肺鳞癌,但针对血管内皮生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGFR2)的单克隆抗体Ramucirumab在晚期肺鳞癌二线治疗中安全有效。在一项随机Ⅲ期对比Ramucirumab联合多西他赛和单药多西他赛二线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌患者疗效的临床研究中[29],Ramucirumab联合多西他赛组较单纯化疗组显著延长了中位OS[10.5个月vs.9.1个月,HR=0.86(95%CI 0.75~0.98),P=0.023],最常见的抗血管相关不良反应为高血压(6% vs.2%),5级不良反应及3级及以上肺出血与对照组无差异(5%vs.6%;1% vs.1%)。

除了常见靶向药物之外,很多新型药物也在肺鳞癌治疗中进行了探索和研究。2017年ESMO年会报道了一种下调热休克蛋白27(Hsp27)的药物Apatorsen(OGX-427)用于肺鳞癌的研究[30]。因Hsp27参与凋亡逃逸,且在70%~98%的鳞状细胞癌中高度表达,而化疗诱导的Hsp27表达可能是一种早期耐药的机制,因此研究设计为吉西他滨/卡铂联合apatorsen对比吉西他滨/卡铂治疗ⅢB或Ⅳ期初治或复发肺鳞癌,该Ⅱ期研究入组86例患者,主要终点PFS两组无统计学差异[148天vs.196天,HR=0.83(95%CI 0.53~1.29),P=0.35],但是联合组治疗相关毒性如骨髓抑制和感染等明显增加。新型靶向药物的尝试虽败犹荣,期待开拓更多常规通路和靶点以外的靶点及作用机制。

3 免疫治疗

肺癌的免疫治疗主要指抗程序性死亡因子1(programmed death 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡因子-配体1(programmed death-Ligand 1,PD-L1)和抗细胞毒T细胞淋巴细胞抗原4(cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen-4,CTLA-4)。主要的药物包括nivolumab、pembrolizumab、durvalumab及ipilimumab等。这一系列药物在肺癌二线治疗中相比化疗取得了明显生存优势,并在一线治疗中有成功探索。

Nivolumab最先在肺癌二线治疗中取得成功。CheckMate017研究发现[31]显示PD-1抑制剂nivolumab组较多西他赛组显著延长了一线治疗失败后肺鳞癌患者的OS[中位OS 9.2个月vs.6.0个月,HR=0.59(95%CI 0.44~0.79),P<0.001]及PFS[中位PFS 3.5个月vs.2.8个月,HR=0.62(95%CI 0.47~0.81),P<0.001],客观缓解率提高的同时(20% vs.9%,P=0.008)3~4级不良反应发生率明显降低(7% vs.55%),nivolumab组不良反应主要为乏力和食欲下降。2018年美国癌症研究协会(American Association for Cancer Research,AACR)大会上吴一龙教授报道的一项来自于东亚人群(约90%患者来自中国)的Ⅲ期随机临床研究CheckMate-078[32]同样比较了nivolumab与多西他赛在二线治疗NSCLC患者的疗效与安全性。其研究的阳性结果与CheckMate017一致,nivolumab组较多西他赛组显著延长了总生存期[12.0个月vs.9.6个月,HR=0.68(95%CI 0.52~0.90),P<0.0006],提高了客观缓解率(16.6% vs.4.2%,P=0.0001),同时明显降低3级以上不良反应(10% vs.47%),且免疫治疗不良反应以皮疹、乏力为主。其中鳞癌亚组中,nivolumab组和多西他赛组总生存期分别为12.3月和7.9月(HR=0.61)。Pembrolizumab紧随其后,也在肺癌二线治疗中获得阳性结果。KEYNOTE-010[33]研究发现,晚期肺鳞癌的二线治疗中,PD-L1抑制剂pembrolizumab 10mg/kg组和2mg/Kg组均较多西他赛组显著延长了总生存期[10mg/kg:12.7个月vs.8.5个月,HR=0.61(95%CI 0.49~0.75),P<0.0001;2mg/kg:10.4个月vs.8.5个月,HR=0.71(95%CI 0.58~0.88),P=0.0008],同时3~5级不良反应发生率也明显低于对照组(16% vs.13% vs.35%)。首个PD-L1抑制剂atezolizumab复制了PD-1抑制剂在肺癌二线治疗中的优势,基于两项国际随机开放多中心临床研究——OAK研究[34]和POPLAR[35]研究,PD-L1抑制剂atezolizumab也获批用于肺鳞癌的二线治疗。上述研究均对比了多西他赛和atezolizumab单药在晚期非小细胞肺癌的二线治疗中的疗效。POPLAR研究中,atezolizumab组较多西他赛组取得了2.9个月生存获益[12.6个月vs.9.7个月,HR=0.73(95% CI 0.53~0.99),P=0.04],而在鳞癌亚组中,atezolizumab组与多西他赛组中位OS分别为10.1个月和8.6个月(HR 0.80,0.49~1.30)。在OAK研究中,atezolizumab组较多西他赛组取得了4.2个月的显著生存获益[13.8个月vs.9.6个月,HR=0.74(95%CI 0.63~0.87),P=0.0004],其中鳞癌亚组中atezolizumab总生存也优于多西他赛,中位OS:8.9个月vs.7.7个月[HR=0.73(95%CI 0.54~0.98),P=0.038]。nivolumab、pembrolizumab及atezolizumab均在二线治疗中取得了阳性结果,成功取代了化疗的地位。

基于PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在肺鳞癌二线治疗中的出色表现,这些药物在晚期肺鳞癌的一线治疗中的作用也在积极探索中。KEYNOTE-024研究[36]中,对于PD-L1表达比例≥50%的晚期非小细胞肺癌初治患者,单药pembrolizumab组较含铂双药化疗组显著提高有效率(44.8% vs.27.8%),明显改善PFS[10.3个月vs.6.0个月,HR=0.50(95%CI 0.37~0.68),P<0.001],6个月总生存率更高[80.2% vs.72.4%,HR=0.60(95%CI 0.41~0.89),P<0.005],3~5级治疗相关不良反应(treatment-related adverse events,TRAE)发生率明显低于化疗组(26.6% vs.53.3%)。今年ASCO会议上报道了两项PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗肺鳞癌的阳性研究结果:Keynote407研究对比pembrolizumab联合紫杉醇/白蛋白紫杉醇联合卡铂及安慰剂联合紫杉醇/白蛋白紫杉醇联合卡铂一线治疗晚期肺鳞癌[37],该研究未限制PD-L1表达状态,入组患者中有近20%的东亚患者,此次报道的第二次中期分析结果显示pembrolizumab联合化疗组有生存获益(中位OS 15.9个月vs.11.3个月,HR 0.64[95%CI 0.49~0.85],P=0.0008),PD-L1 TPS表达<1%、1%~49%及≥50%亚组中均可观察到总生存获益(中位总生存:15.9个月vs.10.2个月HR 0.61[95%CI 0.38~0.98];14.0个月vs.11.6个月HR 0.57[95%CI 0.36~0.90];未达到vs.未到达HR 0.64[95%CI 0.37~1.10])。中位PFS 6.4个月vs.4.8个月(HR 0.56[95%CI 0.45~0.70],P<0.0001),缓解率也有提高58.4%(95%CI 48.2~68.1)vs.35.0%(95%CI 25.8~45.0),中位缓解持续时间更久(7.7个月vs.4.8个月);同期发布结果的IMpower131研究的设计较为复杂[38],在此次会议上发表的部分结果是atezolizumab联合卡铂及白蛋白紫杉醇后atezolizumab维持治疗对比卡铂联合白蛋白紫杉醇后最佳支持治疗用于Ⅳ期肺鳞癌一线治疗的第一次中期分析。主要终点PFS 6.3个月vs.5.6个月(HR 0.71[95%CI 0.60,0.85],P=0.0001),中位OS 14.0个月vs.13.9个月(HR 0.96[95%CI 0.78,1.18],P=0.6931),在PD-L1高表达亚组中,PFS和OS的优势更为明显(PFS 10.1个月vs.5.5个月,HR 0.44[95%CI 0.27,0.71],OS 23.6个月vs.14.1个月,HR 0.56[95%CI 0.32,0.99])。免疫治疗联合化疗在晚期肺鳞癌的一线治疗的成功探索有可能取代现行标准治疗。

免疫治疗中除了对PD-1及PD-L1抑制剂的研究,也有CTLA-4抑制剂联合化疗的探索[39]。一项CTLA-4抑制剂ipilimumab联合紫杉醇/卡铂对比紫杉醇/卡铂一线治疗晚期肺鳞癌的Ⅲ期研究提示联合免疫治疗组的中位OS无统计学优势[13.4个月vs.12.4个月,HR=0.91(95%CI 0.77~1.07),P=0.25],且联合组TRAE发生率更高(3/4级TRAE发生率51% vs.35%;任何级别TRAE发生率33% vs.10%;导致治疗终止的TRAE发生率28% vs.7%),联合组治疗相关死亡7例,对照组仅1例。CTLA-4抑制剂联合化疗未能获得生存获益。

免疫治疗的不良反应常表现为甲状腺功能改变、间质性肺炎、结肠炎、皮疹等,另有约5%的致死性不良反应,因此准确识别可从免疫治疗中获益的人群至关重要。CheckMate 568[40]和CheckMate-227[41]均发现高肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutation burden,TMB)患者nivolumab联合ipilimumab疗效更好。KEYNOTE-024研究[36]也成功找到PD-L1表达≥50%这一pembrolizumab疗效相关标志物,期待更多对免疫治疗生物标志物的探索。随着nivolumab和pembrolizumab在中国的成功上市,中国肺鳞癌患者很有可能真正从免疫治疗中获益。

4 展望

在基因水平探索肺鳞癌的特点已有很多成果,主要的发现包括肺鳞癌相比于肺腺癌EGFR基因拷贝数增加及蛋白过表达等更为常见(82% vs.44%,P<0.001)[42],鳞癌的总突变率很高并有显著的基因学复杂性[43],但针对鳞癌常见突变如FGFR1、PI3K及其他基因如DDR2等的抑制剂均以失败告终[44-47]。对肺鳞癌这样的突变复杂、高免疫原性肿瘤,免疫治疗似乎更有前景,值得期待的未来是如何利用生物标志物精准识别获益人群、如何能使免疫治疗在更广的人群发挥更多作用、免疫治疗联合其他治疗(化疗、放疗、靶向治疗)的协同机制如何及是否具有可行性等。

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