参考文献

［1］陈竺.全国第三次死因回顾抽样调查报告.北京：中国协和医科大学出版社，2008.

［2］国家卫生计生委疾病预防控制局.中国居民营养与慢性病报告2015.北京：人民卫生出版社，2016.

［3］中国高血压防治指南修订委员会，中国高血压联盟.中国高血压防治指南 2010.中国医学前沿杂志，2011，3（5）：42-93.

［4］Leonards CO，Schneider HJ，Liman TG，et al.Thyroid-stimulating hormone，white matter hyperintensities，and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients.Cerebrovasc Dis Extra，2014，4（1）：61-68.

［5］Kario K，Pickering TG，Matsuo T，et al.Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives.Hypertension，2001，38（4）：852-857.

［6］Fagard RH，Thijs L，Staessen JA，et al.Night-day blood pressure ratio and dipping pattern as predictors of death and cardiovascular events in hypertension.J Hum Hypertens，2009，23（10）：645-653.

［7］Zhang X，Patel A，Horibe H，et al.Cholesterol，coronary heart disease，and stroke in the asia pacific region.Int J Epidemiol，2003，32（4）：563-572.

［8］《中国高血压基层管理指南》修订委员会.中国高血压基层管理指南（2014年修订版）.中华健康管理学杂志，2015，9（1）：10-30.

［9］Sipahi I，Swaminathan A，Natesan V，et al.Effect of antihypertensive therapy on incident stroke in cohorts with prehypertensive blood pressure levels：A meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Stroke，2012，43（2）：432-440.

［10］James PA，Oparil S，Carter BL，et al.2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults：Report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint national committee（jnc 8）.JAMA，2014，311（5）：507-520.

［11］Weber MA，Schiffrin EL，White WB，et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community a statement by the american society of hypertension and the international society of hypertension.J Hypertens，2014，32（1）：3-15.

［12］Beckett NS，Peters R，Fletcher AE，et al.Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older.N Engl J Med，2008，358（18）：1887-1898.

［13］Chen GJ，Yang MS.The effects of calcium channel blockers in the prevention of stroke in adults with hypertension：A meta-analysis of data from 273，543 participants in 31 randomized controlled trials.PLoS One，2013，8（3）：e57854.

［14］Psaty BM，Lumley T，Furberg CD，et al.Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as firstline agents：A network meta-analysis.JAMA，2003，289（19）：2534-2544.

［15］McAlister FA，Renin Angiotension System Modulator Meta-Analysis I.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers are beneficial in normotensive atherosclerotic patients：A collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials.Eur Heart J，2012，33（4）：505-514.

［16］Wright JM，Musini VM.First-line drugs for hypertension.Cochrane Database Syst Rev，2001，164（2）：178.

［17］Yang W，Lu J，Weng J，et al.Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in china.N Engl J Med，2010，362（12）：1090-1101.

［18］Kissela BM，Khoury J，Kleindorfer D，et al.Epidemiology of ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes：The greater cincinnati/northern kentucky stroke study.Diabetes Care，2005，28（2）：355-359.

［19］An Y，Zhang P，Wang J，et al.Cardiovascular and all cause mortality over a 23-year period among chinese with newly diagnosed diabetes in the Da Qing IGT and diabetes study.Diabetes Care，2015，38（7）：1365-1371.

［20］Gaede P，Lund-Andersen H，Parving HH，et al.Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med，2008，358（6）：580-591.

［21］中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南（2013年版）.中华糖尿病杂志，2014，6（7）：447-498.

［22］Kahn R，Alperin P，Eddy D，et al.Age at initiation and frequency of screening to detect type 2 diabetes：A costeffectiveness analysis.Lancet，2010，375（9723）：1365-1374.

［23］Herman WH，Smith PJ，Thompson TJ，et al.A new and simple questionnaire to identify people at increased risk for undiagnosed diabetes.Diabetes Care，1995，18（3）：382-387.

［24］Choi SH，Kim TH，Lim S，et al.Hemoglobin a1c as a diagnostic tool for diabetes screening and new-onset diabetes prediction：A 6-year community-based prospective study.Diabetes Care，2011，34（4）：944-949.

［25］Bumrerraj S，Kaczorowski J，Kessomboon P，et al.Diagnostic performance of 2h postprandial capillary and venous glucose as a screening test for abnormal glucose tolerance.Prim Care Diabetes，2012，6（3）：207-211.

［26］Noronha RM，Damaceno N，Muramatu LH，et al.Importance of screening with oral glucose tolerance test for early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus.Pediatr Diabetes，2014，15（4）：309-312.

［27］Oizumi T，Daimon M，Jimbu Y，et al.Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for stroke in a japanese sample--the funagata study.Metabolism，2008，57（3）：333-338.

［28］Ratner R，Goldberg R，Haffner S，et al.Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program.Diabetes Care，2005，28（4）：888-894.

［29］Ismail-Beigi F，Moghissi E，Tiktin M，et al.Individualizing glycemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus：Implications of recent clinical trials.Ann Intern Med，2011，154（8）：554-559.

［30］Bastyr EJ 3rd，Stuart CA，Brodows RG，et al.Therapy focused on lowering postprandial glucose，not fasting glucose，may be superior for lowering HbA1c.IOEZStudy Group.Diabetes Care，2000，23（9）：1236-1241.

［31］Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus：Results of the hope study and micro-hope substudy.Heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators.Lancet，2000，355（9200）：253-259.

［32］Wachtell K，Hornestam B，Lehto M，et al.Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with a history of atrial fibrillation：The losartan intervention for end point reduction in hypertension（life）study.J Am Coll Cardiol，2005，45（5）：705-711.

［33］Ismail-Beigi F，Craven T，Banerji MA，et al.Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes：An analysis of the accord randomised trial.Lancet，2010，376（9739）：419-430.

［34］Control G，Turnbull FM，Abraira C，et al.Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia，2009，52（11）：2288-2298.

［35］Watkins K，Connell CM.Measurement of health-related QOL in diabetes mellitus.Pharmacoeconomics，2004，22（17）：1109-1126.

［36］Rossi MC，Nicolucci A，Di Bartolo P，et al.Diabetes interactive diary：A new telemedicine system enabling flexible diet and insulin therapy while improving quality of life：An open-label，international，multicenter，randomized study.Diabetes Care，2010，33（1）：109-115.

［37］Laurenzi A，Bolla AM，Panigoni G，et al.Effects of carbohydrate counting on glucose control and quality of life over 24 weeks in adult patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion：A randomized，prospective clinical trial（giocar）.Diabetes Care，2011，34（4）：823-827.

［38］Rickheim PL，Weaver TW，Flader JL，et al.Assessment of group versus individual diabetes education：A randomized study.Diabetes Care，2002，25（2）：269-274.

［39］Miller CK，Edwards L，Kissling G，et al.Nutrition education improves metabolic outcomes among older adults with diabetes mellitus：Results from a randomized controlled trial.Prev Med，2002，34（2）：252-259.

［40］Ahmad B，Ramadas A，Kia Fatt Q，et al.A pilot study：The development of a culturally tailored malaysian diabetes education module（my-demo）based on the health belief model.BMC Endocr Disord，2014，14：31.

［41］Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes（ukpds 34）.Uk prospective diabetes study（ukpds）group.Lancet，1998，352（9131）：854-865.

［42］Wright A，Burden AC，Paisey RB，et al.Sulfonylurea inadequacy：Efficacy of addition of insulin over 6 years in patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.K.Prospective Diabetes Study（UKPDS 57）.Diabetes Care，2002，25（2）：330-336.

［43］Bowker SL，Majumdar SR，Veugelers P，et al.Increased cancerrelated mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin.Diabetes Care，2006，29（2）：254-258.

［44］Bennett WL，Maruthur NM，Singh S，et al.Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes：An update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations.Ann Intern Med，2011，154（9）：602-613.

［45］Cooper-DeHoff RM，Gong Y，Handberg EM，et al.Tight blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes among hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.JAMA，2010，304（1）：61-68.

［46］Sleight P，Redon J，Verdecchia P，et al.Prognostic value of blood pressure in patients with high vascular risk in the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial study.J Hypertens，2009，27（7）：1360-1369.

［47］Bangalore S，Kumar S，Lobach I，et al.Blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired fasting glucose：Observations from traditional and bayesian random-effects metaanalyses of randomized trials.Circulation，2011，123（24）：2799-2810，2799 p following 2810.

［48］Collins R，Armitage J，Parish S，et al.MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes：A randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet，2003，361（9374）：2005-2016.

［49］Group AS，Ginsberg HN，Elam MB，et al.Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.N Engl J Med，2010，362（17）：1563-1574.

［50］中国成人血脂异常防治指南修订联合委员会.中国成人血脂异常防治指南（2016 年修订版）.中国循环杂志，2016，31（10）：937-950.

［51］Baigent C，Keech A，Kearney PM，et al.Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment：Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90，056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins.Lancet，2005，366（9493）：1267-1278.

［52］Stone NJ，Robinson JG，Lichtenstein AH，et al.2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol，2014，63（25 Pt B）：2889-2934.

［53］Jacobson TA，Ito MK，Maki KC，et al.National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia：Part 1--full report.J Clin Lipidol，2015，9（2）：129-169.

［54］Teramoto T，Sasaki J，Ishibashi S，et al.Executive summary of the Japan atherosclerosis society（JAS）guidelines for the diagnosis and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in Japan -2012 version.J AtherosclerThromb，2013，20（6）：517-523.

［55］中国成人血脂异常防治指南制订联合委员会.中国成人血脂异常防治指南.中华心血管病杂志，2007，35（5）：390-419.

［56］Rabar S，Harker M，O’Flynn N，et al.Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease：Summary of updated nice guidance.BMJ，2014，349：g4356.

［57］胡大一.降低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是硬道理.中华心血管病杂志，2015，43（1）：3-4.

［58］中华医学会神经病学分会，中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国脑血管病一级预防指南2015.中华神经科杂志，2015，48（8）：629-643.

［59］Catapano AL，Graham I，De Backer G，et al.2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias：The task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the european society of cardiology（ESC）and european atherosclerosis society（EAS）developed with the special contribution of the european assocciation for cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation（EACPR）.Atherosclerosis，2016，253：281-344.

［60］Naci H，Brugts JJ，Fleurence R，et al.Comparative effects of statins on major cerebrovascular events：A multiple-treatments meta-analysis of placebo-controlled and active-comparator trials.QJM，2013，106（4）：299-306.

［61］LaRosa JC，Grundy SM，Waters DD，et al.Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease.N Engl J Med，2005，352（14）：1425-1435.

［62］Sever PS，Dahlof B，Poulter NR，et al.Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations，in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial — Lipid Lowering Arm（ASCOT-LLA）：A multicentre randomised controlled trial.Lancet，2003，361（9364）：1149-1158.

［63］Everett BM，Glynn RJ，MacFadyen JG，et al.Rosuvastatin in the prevention of stroke among men and women with elevated levels of C-reactive protein：Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention：an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin（JUPITER）.Circulation，2010，121（1）：143-150.

［64］Sacco RL，Adams R，Albers G，et al.Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack：A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association council on stroke：Co-sponsored by the council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention：The american academy of neurology affirms the value of this guideline.Circulation，2006，113（10）：e409-449.

［65］Cardiogenic brain embolism.The second report of the cerebral embolism task force.Arch Neurol，1989，46（7）：727-743.

［66］Arboix A，Oliveres M，Massons J，et al.Early differentiation of cardioembolic from atherothrombotic cerebral infarction：A multivariate analysis.Eur J Neurol，1999，6（6）：677-683.

［67］Doufekias E，Segal AZ，Kizer JR.Cardiogenic and aortogenic brain embolism.J Am Coll Cardiol，2008，51（11）：1049-1059.

［68］Petersen P.Thromboembolic complications in atrial fibrillation.Stroke，1990，21（1）：4-13.

［69］Fitzmaurice DA，Hobbs FD，Jowett S，et al.Screening versus routine practice in detection of atrial fibrillation in patients aged 65 or over：cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ，2007，335（7616）：383.

［70］Hobbs FD，Fitzmaurice DA，Mant J，et al.A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening（targeted and total population screening）versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over.The safe study.Health Technol Assess，2005，9（40）：iii-iv，ix-x，1-74.

［71］Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials.Arch Intern Med，1994，154（13）：1449-1457.

［72］Kornej J，Hindricks G，Kosiuk J，et al.Renal dysfunction，stroke risk scores（CHADS2，CHA2DS2-VASc，and R2CHADS2），and the risk of thromboembolic events after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation：The Leipzig Heart Center AFAblation Registry.Circ ArrhythmElectrophysiol，2013，6（5）：868-874.

［73］Olesen JB，Torp-Pedersen C，Hansen ML，et al.The value of the CHA2DS2-VAScscore for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0-1：A nationwide cohort study.ThrombHaemost，2012，107（6）：1172-1179.

［74］Mason PK，Lake DE，DiMarco JP，et al.Impact of the CHA2DS2-VASc score on anticoagulation recommendations for atrial fibrillation.Am J Med，2012，125（6）：603 e601-606.

［75］Serrano R，Martinez MA，Andres A，et al.Familial mediterranean fever and acute myocardial infarction secondary to coronary vasculitis.Histopathology，1998，33（2）：163-167.

［76］Lip GY，Nieuwlaat R，Pisters R，et al.Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach：The euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation.Chest，2010，137（2）：263-272.

［77］Connolly SJ，Ezekowitz MD，Yusuf S，et al.Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med，2009，361（12）：1139-1151.

［78］Granger CB，Alexander JH，McMurray JJ，et al.Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med，2011，365（11）：981-992.

［79］Patel MR，Mahaffey KW，Garg J，et al.Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med，2011，365（10）：883-891.

［80］Benavente O，Hart R，Koudstaal P，et al.Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks.Cochrane Database Syst Rev，2000（2）：CD001925.

［81］Hart RG，Pearce LA，Aguilar MI.Meta-analysis：Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.Ann Intern Med，2007，146（12）：857-867.

［82］European Heart Rhythm A，European Association for Cardio-Thoracic S，Camm AJ，et al.Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation：The task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European society of cardiology（ESC）.Eur Heart J，2010，31（19）：2369-2429.

［83］Narkun A.summary of the article：Matchar b，jacobson db，dolor r et al.Effect of home testing of international normalized ratio on clinical events.N engl j med，2010； 363：1608-1620.Kardiol Pol，2011，69（5）：510-511.

［84］Ezekowitz MD，James KE，Radford MJ，et al.Initiating and maintaining patients on warfarin anticoagulation：The importance of monitoring.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther，1999，4（1）：3-8.

［85］Hirsh J，Fuster V.Guide to anticoagulant therapy.Part 2：Oral anticoagulants.American heart association.Circulation，1994，89（3）：1469-1480.

［86］Investigators A，Connolly SJ，Pogue J，et al.Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med，2009，360（20）：2066-2078.

［87］ACTIVE Writing Group of the ACTIVE Investigators，Connolly S，Pogue J，et al.Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the atrial fibrillation clopidogrel trial with irbesartan for prevention of vascular events（ACTIVE W）：A randomised controlled trial.Lancet，2006，367（9526）：1903-1912.

［88］Eikelboom JW，Wallentin L，Connolly SJ，et al.Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation：An analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy（re-ly）trial.Circulation，2011，123（21）：2363-2372.

［89］Connolly SJ，Eikelboom J，Joyner C，et al.Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med，2011，364（9）：806-817.

［90］Winkelmayer WC，Liu J，Setoguchi S，et al.Effectiveness and safety of warfarin initiation in older hemodialysis patients with incident atrial fibrillation.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol，2011，6（11）：2662-2668.

［91］Dewilde WJ，Oirbans T，Verheugt FW，et al.Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention：An open-label，randomised，controlled trial.Lancet，2013，381（9872）：1107-1115.

［92］Pisters R，Lane DA，Nieuwlaat R，et al.A novel user-friendly score（HAS-BLED）to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation：the Euro Heart Survey.Chest，2010，138（5）：1093-1100.

［93］Lip GY，Frison L，Halperin JL，et al.Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation：the HAS-BLED（hypertension，abnormal renal/liver function，stroke，bleeding history or predisposition，labile INR，elderly，drugs/alcohol concomitantly）score.J Am Coll Cardiol，2011，57（2）：173-180.

［94］Naganuma M，Shiga T，Sato K，et al.Clinical outcome in Japanese elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation taking warfarin：A single-center observational study.Thromb Res，2012，130（1）：21-26.

［95］Gallego P，Roldan V，Torregrosa JM，et al.Relation of the hasbled bleeding risk score to major bleeding，cardiovascular events，and mortality in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation.Circ ArrhythmElectrophysiol，2012，5（2）：312-318.

［96］Holmes DR，Reddy VY，Turi ZG，et al.Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation：A randomised noninferiority trial.Lancet，2009，374（9689）：534-542.

［97］Eagle KA，Guyton RA，Davidoff R，et al.ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery：Summary article：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines（committee to update the 1999 guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery）.Circulation，2004，110（9）：1168-1176.

［98］Hogue CW Jr.，Murphy SF，Schechtman KB，et al.Risk factors for early or delayed stroke after cardiac surgery.Circulation，1999，100（6）：642-647.

［99］Amarenco P，Duyckaerts C，Tzourio C，et al.The prevalence of ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch in patients with stroke.N Engl J Med，1992，326（4）：221-225.

［100］Amarenco P，Cohen A，Tzourio C，et al.Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke.N Engl J Med，1994，331（22）：1474-1479.

［101］Anderson JL，Adams CD，Antman EM，et al.ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-st-elevation myocardial infarction：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines（writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-st-elevation myocardial infarction）developed in collaboration with the american college of emergency physicians，the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions，and the society of thoracic surgeons endorsed by the american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation and the society for academic emergency medicine.J Am Coll Cardiol，2007，50（7）：e1-e157.

［102］Canadian Cardiovascular S，American Academy of Family P，American College of C，et al.2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with st-elevation myocardial infarction：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol，2008，51（2）：210-247.

［103］Fuster V，Ryden LE，Cannom DS，et al.ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation-executive summary：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines and the european society of cardiology committee for practice guidelines（writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation）.Eur Heart J，2006，27（16）：1979-2030.

［104］Andreotti F，Testa L，Biondi-Zoccai GG，et al.Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes：An updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25，307 patients.Eur Heart J，2006，27（5）：519-526.

［105］Baumer T，Buhring N，Schelle T，et al.Nerve ultrasound in clinical management of carpal tunnel syndrome in mucopolysaccharidosis.Dev Med Child Neurol，2016，58（11）：1172-1179.

［106］Petty GW，Khandheria BK，Meissner I，et al.Populationbased study of the relationship between patent foramen ovale and cerebrovascular ischemic events.Mayo Clin Proc，2006，81（5）：602-608.

［107］Meissner I，Khandheria BK，Heit JA，et al.Patent foramen ovale：Innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study.J Am Coll Cardiol，2006，47（2）：440-445.

［108］Di Tullio MR，Jin Z，Russo C，et al.Patent foramen ovale，subclinical cerebrovascular disease，and ischemic stroke in a population-based cohort.J Am Coll Cardiol，2013，62（1）：35-41.

［109］Roach GW，Kanchuger M，Mangano CM，et al.Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery.Multicenter study of perioperative ischemia research group and the ischemia research and education foundation investigators.N Engl J Med，1996，335（25）：1857-1863.

［110］Loh E，Sutton MS，Wun CC，et al.Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med，1997，336（4）：251-257.

［111］Pfeffer MA，Braunwald E，Moye LA，et al.Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction.Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial.The save investigators.N Engl J Med，1992，327（10）：669-677.

［112］Shindler DM，Kostis JB，Yusuf S，et al.Diabetes mellitus，a predictor of morbidity and mortality in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction（SOLVD）trials and registry.Am J Cardiol，1996，77（11）：1017-1020.

［113］Homma S，Thompson JL，Pullicino PM，et al.Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm.N Engl J Med，2012，366（20）：1859-1869.

［114］Bonow RO，Carabello BA，Chatterjee K，et al.2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines（writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease）.Endorsed by the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists，society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions，and society of thoracic surgeons.J Am Coll Cardiol，2008，52（13）：e1-142.

［115］Coulshed N，Epstein EJ，McKendrick CS，et al.Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease.Br Heart J，1970，32（1）：26-34.

［116］Cannegieter SC，Rosendaal FR，Briet E.Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses.Circulation，1994，89（2）：635-641.

［117］国家卫生和计划生育委员会脑卒中筛查与防治工程委员会.卒中筛查与防治技术规范.中华神经科杂志，2014，47（3）：199-203.

［118］Howard RA，Aldea GS，Shapira OM，et al.Papillary fibroelastoma：Increasing recognition of a surgical disease.Ann ThoracSurg，1999，68（5）：1881-1885.

［119］Lorenz MW，Markus HS，Bots ML，et al.Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness：A systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation，2007，115（4）：459-467.

［120］Jiang S，Liu R，Han B.relevance analysis of health behaviors and influencing factors for detection rate of carotid atherosclerotic plaque.Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi，2014，94（23）：1785-1787.

［121］Mathiesen EB，Johnsen SH，Wilsgaard T，et al.Carotid plaque area and intima-media thickness in prediction of first-ever ischemic stroke：A 10-year follow-up of 6584 men and women：The tromso study.Stroke，2011，42（4）：972-978.

［122］Nissen SE，Tuzcu EM，Brewer HB，et al.Effect of acat inhibition on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.N Engl J Med，2006，354（12）：1253-1263.

［123］Abbott AL.Medical（nonsurgical）intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis：Results of a systematic review and analysis.Stroke，2009，40（10）：e573-583.

［124］Marquardt L，Geraghty OC，Mehta Z，et al.Low risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis on best medical treatment：A prospective，population-based study.Stroke，2010，41（1）：e11-17.

［125］Halliday A，Harrison M，Hayter E，et al.10-year stroke prevention after successful carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis（acst-1）：A multicentre randomised trial.Lancet，2010，376（9746）：1074-1084.

［126］Meschia JF，Bushnell C，Boden-Albala B，et al.Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke：A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association.Stroke，2014，45（12）：3754-3832.

［127］Rothwell PM，Goldstein LB.Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis：Asymptomatic carotid surgery trial.Stroke，2004，35（10）：2425-2427.

［128］Gurm HS，Yadav JS，Fayad P，et al.Long-term results of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients.N Engl J Med，2008，358（15）：1572-1579.

［129］Gill JS，Zezulka AV，Shipley MJ，et al.Stroke and alcohol consumption.N Engl J Med，1986，315（17）：1041-1046.

［130］Hillbom M，Numminen H，Juvela S.Recent heavy drinking of alcohol and embolic stroke.Stroke，1999，30（11）：2307-2312.

［131］Bazzano LA，Gu D，Reynolds K，et al.Alcohol consumption and risk for stroke among chinese men.Ann Neurol，2007，62（6）：569-578.

［132］Reynolds K，Lewis B，Nolen JD，et al.Alcohol consump tion and risk of stroke：A meta-analysis.JAMA，2003，289（5）：579-588.

［133］Berger K，Ajani UA，Kase CS，et al.Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among u.S.Male physicians.N Engl J Med，1999，341（21）：1557-1564.

［134］McGuire S.U.S.Department of agriculture and U.S.Department of health and human services，dietary guidelines for americans，2010.7th edition，washington，dc：U.S.Government printing office，January 2011.Adv Nutr，2011，2（3）：293-294.

［135］Smith PJ，Blumenthal JA，Hoffman BM，et al.Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance：A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials.Psychosom Med，2010，72（3）：239-252.

［136］Cotman CW，Berchtold NC，Christie LA.Exercise builds brain health：Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation.Trends Neurosci，2007，30（9）：464-472.

［137］Hu FB，Stampfer MJ，Colditz GA，et al.Physical activity and risk of stroke in women.JAMA，2000，283（22）：2961-2967.

［138］Lee CD，Folsom AR，Blair SN.Physical activity and stroke risk：A meta-analysis.Stroke，2003，34（10）：2475-2481.

［139］Zhang X，Shu XO，Gao YT，et al.General and abdominal adiposity and risk of stroke in chinese women.Stroke，2009，40（4）：1098-1104.

［140］Jensen MD，Ryan DH，Apovian CM，et al.2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines and the obesity society.J Am Coll Cardiol，2014，63（25 Pt B）：2985-3023.

［141］Neter JE，Stam BE，Kok FJ，et al.Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure：A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Hypertension，2003，42（5）：878-884.

［142］Strazzullo P，D’Elia L，Cairella G，et al.Excess body weight and incidence of stroke：Meta-analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants.Stroke，2010，41（5）：e418-426.

［143］Sjostrom L.Review of the key results from the swedish obese subjects（SOS）trial - a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery.J Intern Med，2013，273（3）：219-234.

［144］Eckel RH，Jakicic JM，Ard JD，et al.2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk：A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol，2014，63（25 Pt B）：2960-2984.

［145］Chang HY，Hu YW，Yue CS，et al.Effect of potassiumenriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men.Am J Clin Nutr，2006，83（6）：1289-1296.

［146］Kokubo Y，Iso H，Ishihara J，et al.Association of dietary intake of soy，beans，and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese populations：The Japan public health center-based（JPHC）study cohort i.Circulation，2007，116（22）：2553-2562.

［147］Sacco S，Kurth T.Migraine and the risk for stroke and cardiovascular disease.Curr Cardiol Rep，2014，16（9）：524.

［148］Schurks M，Rist PM，Bigal ME，et al.Migraine and cardiovascular disease：Systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ，2009，339：b3914.

［149］Pietrobon D，Moskowitz MA.Pathophysiology of migraine.Annu Rev Physiol，2013，75：365-391.

［150］Anzola GP，Magoni M，Guindani M，et al.Potential source of cerebral embolism in migraine with aura：A transcranial doppler study.Neurology，1999，52（8）：1622-1625.

［151］Martinez-Sanchez P，Martinez-Martinez M，Fuentes B，et al.Migraine and hypercoagulable states in ischemic stroke.Cephalalgia，2011，31（16）：1609-1617.

［152］Tietjen GE.The risk of stroke in patients with migraine and implications for migraine management.CNS Drugs，2005，19（8）：683-692.

［153］Elwood P，Hack M，Pickering J，et al.Sleep disturbance，stroke，and heart disease events：Evidence from the caerphilly cohort.J Epidemiol Community Health，2006，60（1）：69-73.

［154］Munoz R，Duran-Cantolla J，Martinez-Vila E，et al.Severe sleep apnea and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly.Stroke，2006，37（9）：2317-2321.

［155］Valham F，Mooe T，Rabben T，et al.Increased risk of stroke in patients with coronary artery disease and sleep apnea：A 10-year follow-up.Circulation，2008，118（9）：955-960.

［156］Giles TL，Lasserson TJ，Smith BH，et al.Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev，2006，（3）：CD001106.

［157］Guirguis-Blake JM，Evans CV，Senger CA，et al.Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events：A systematic evidence review for the u.S.Preventive services task force.Ann Intern Med，2016，164（12）：804-813.

［158］Ridker PM，Cook NR，Lee IM，et al.A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.N Engl J Med，2005，352（13）：1293-1304.

［159］Xie M，Shan Z，Zhang Y，et al.Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events：Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and subgroup analysis by sex and diabetes status.PLoS One，2014，9（10）：e90286.

［160］Belch J，MacCuish A，Campbell I，et al.The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes（POPADAD）trial：Factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease.BMJ，2008，337：a1840.

［161］Ogawa H，Nakayama M，Morimoto T，et al.Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes：A randomized controlled trial.JAMA，2008，300（18）：2134-2141.

［162］Saito Y，Okada S，Ogawa H，et al.Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes：10-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.Circulation，2017，135（7）：659-670.

［163］Hansson L，Zanchetti A，Carruthers SG，et al.Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension：Principal results of the hypertension optimal treatment（hot）randomised trial.Hot study group.Lancet，1998，351（9118）：1755-1762.

［164］Han L，Wu Q，Wang C，et al.Homocysteine，ischemic stroke，and coronary heart disease in hypertensive patients：A population-based，prospective cohort study.Stroke，2015，46（7）：1777-1786.

［165］Shoamanesh A，Preis SR，Beiser AS，et al.Circulating biomarkers and incident ischemic stroke in the FraminghamOffspring Study.Neurology，2016，87（12）：1206-1211.

［166］Wang X，Qin X，Demirtas H，et al.Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention：A meta-analysis.Lancet，2007，369（9576）：1876-1882.

［167］Toole JF，Malinow MR，Chambless LE，et al.Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke，myocardial infarction，and death：The vitamin intervention for stroke prevention（visp）randomized controlled trial.JAMA，2004，291（5）：565-575.

［168］Bonaa KH，Njolstad I，Ueland PM，et al.Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med，2006，354（15）：1578-1588.

［169］Saposnik G，Ray JG，Sheridan P，et al.Homocysteine-lowering therapy and stroke risk，severity，and disability：Additional findings from the hope 2 trial.Stroke，2009，40（4）：1365-1372.

［170］Galan P，Kesse-Guyot E，Czernichow S，et al.Effects of b vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases：A randomised placebo controlled trial.BMJ，2010，341：c6273.

［171］Hankey GJ，Eikelboom JW，Yi Q，et al.Antiplatelet therapy and the effects of b vitamins in patients with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack：A post-hoc subanalysis of vitatops，a randomised，placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Neurol，2012，11（6）：512-520.

［172］Huo Y，Li J，Qin X，et al.Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in china：The csppt randomized clinical trial.JAMA，2015，313（13）：1325-1335.

［173］Li Y，Huang T，Zheng Y，et al.Folic acid supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases：A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Am Heart Assoc，2016，5（8）.