第11章 乡党第十

10-1

孔子于乡党，恂恂如也，似不能言者。其在宗庙朝廷，便便言，惟谨尔。

Confucius in his life at home was shy and diffident, as if he were not a good speaker.In public life, however, in courts and councils, he spoke readily, but with deliberation.

【白话译文】

孔子一生中，在家的时候显得谦恭而温和，似乎不太像能言善辩之人。然而在社会、官场和朝堂上，孔子说话总是从容不迫，而且都经过深思熟虑。

10-2

朝，与下大夫言，侃侃如也；与上大夫言，訚訚如也。君在，踧踖如也，与与如也。

At court, in conversation with the junior officers, he spoke with frankness; with the senior officers, he spoke with self-possession.

In the presence of his prince, he looked diffident, awe-inspired, but composed.

【白话译文】

在官场上，孔子同低级官员聊天的时候，显得坦诚直率；而同高级官员谈话的时候，显得胸有成竹；同国君在一起的时候，显得谦恭而敬畏，但又仪态适中。

10-3

君召使摈，色勃如也，足躩如也。揖所与立，左右手，衣前后，襜如也。趋进，翼如也。宾退，必复命曰：“宾不顾矣。”

When his prince called to him to see a visitor out, he would start up with attention, make obeisance to receive the command; then, bowing right and left to officers in attendance and adjusting the folds of his robes, he would quicken his step, and walk out, not stiffly, but with dignity and ease.When the visitor had left, he would return to his place, announcing simply! “The guest has retired.”

【白话译文】

当国君派孔子接待其他国家来的宾客时，孔子会庄重地站起，恭敬地接受命令，然后向站在他左右两边的官员躬身行礼，衣服前后摆动，却整齐不乱。他快步走的时候，也不显得匆忙，而是从容大方。当客人走后，孔子会回到自己的位置，简单地宣布：“客人已经离开了。”

10-4

入公门，鞠躬如也，如不容。立不中门，行不履阈。过位，色勃如也，足躩如也，其言似不足者。摄齐升堂，鞠躬如也，屏气似不息者。出，降一等，逞颜色，怡怡如也。没阶，趋进，翼如也。复其位，踧踖如也。

In entering the rooms of the palace, he would bend low his body at the door as if it were not high enough to admit him. In the room he would never stand right before the door, nor, in entering it, step on the door sill.

In passing into the Presence Chamber; he would start up with attention and speak only in whispers. Then, holding up the folds of his robes, he would ascend the steps leading to the throne, bending low his body and holding in his breath as if he were afraid to breathe.

After the audience, when he had descended one step away from the throne, he would relax his countenance and assume his ordinary look. After clearing the last steps, he would quicken his pace and walk with ease and dignity to resume his place among the courtiers, looking diffident, with awe and attention.

【白话译文】

走进宫殿时，孔子会在大门口弯下腰，好像门的高度不够让他进去。进入宫殿后，孔子绝不会站在门的中间，也不会在进门的时候踩踏门槛。

在经过接见厅的时候，他会容色庄重，而且只是小声说话。然后拉起袍边，弯下身子，向国君的座位走去，同时屏住呼吸，好像害怕呼吸的声音过大。

讲完话以后，孔子走下台阶，脸色舒展开来，一副怡然自得的样子。走完了最后的台阶，他会加快步伐，姿态像鸟儿展翅一样。回到自己的位置，他会显出谨慎恭敬而惶恐不安的样子。

10-5

执圭，鞠躬如也，如不胜。上如揖，下如授。勃如战色，足蹜蹜，如有循。享礼，有容色。私觌，愉愉如也。

When he had to carry the sceptre of the prince, he would bend low his body as if the weight were too heavy for him; holding it not higher than his forehead nor lower than his chest, and, with his look all awe and attention, walk with slow, measured steps.

At a public reception in the foreign courts to which he was sent, he behaved with great dignity. At a private audience in such courts, he was genial and engaging in his manners.

【白话译文】

当孔子迫不得已拿着国君的权杖时，他会弯下腰，好像权杖对于他来说太过沉重。权杖的位置不会高过额头，也不会低于胸部，满脸敬畏和谨慎，脚步缓慢而整齐。

当接受派遣出使其他国家时，在公开场合，孔子会表现得很庄重。而在这些场合的私下会见中，他又显得和蔼可亲，轻松而愉快。

10-6

君子不以绀饰，红紫不以为亵服。当暑，袗绤，必表而出之。缁衣，羔裘；素衣，麑裘；黄衣，狐裘。亵裘长，短右袂。必有寝衣，长一身有半。狐貉之厚以居。去丧，无所不佩。非帷裳，必杀之。羔裘玄冠不以吊。吉月，必朝服而朝。

Confucius considered the following details necessary for a gentleman to observe in matters of dress:

A gentleman should never permit anything crimson or scarlet in colour to be seen in any part of his dress; even in his underclothing he should avoid anything red or of a reddish colour.

In summer, when dressed in a single suit of gauze or grass-cloth, he should always wear something underneath, worn next to the skin. In winter he should line a black suit with lambskin; a light suit with fawn skin; a yellow suit with fox skin.His fur underclothing should be made long, with the right sleeve a little short.

He should always have a change of nightdress, which should be as long again as the trunk of his body.

When at home in winter, he should be dressed in a suit of fox or badger skin. When not in mourning, he may have any ornaments or appendages on the girdle of his dress.His under-garment, except when it is worn as an apron (like the Free Masons now) on State occasions, he should always have cut pointed on the upper On a visit of condolence he should never wear a suit of lamb's fur or a dark blue hat.On the first day of the month he should always put on his full uniform when he goes to Court.

【白话译文】

孔子认为以下细节是作为绅士在穿着上必须注意的地方：

君子绝不会穿深红色或者猩红色镶边的衣服。即使是贴身内衣，也会避免各种红色或发红的颜色。

夏天如果穿着细纱衣或者粗布衣服，一定要套在内衣的外面。冬天穿黑色的羊羔皮衣，配黑色的罩衣。白色的鹿皮衣，配白色的罩衣。黄色的狐皮衣，配黄色的罩衣。平时在家穿的毛皮内衣一般要做得长一些，右边袖子稍稍短一些。

睡觉的时候一定要有睡衣，并且可以遮盖全身。冬天在家的时候，一般穿狐皮或者獾皮衣服。服丧期过后，脱下丧服，佩戴一些饰物。

下衫除了有时作为围裙（就像现在的石匠），在正式的场合，应该对多余的部分加以剪裁。在哀悼的场合，不应穿羊皮衣服或是戴深蓝色的帽子。在每月的第一天，一定要穿礼服去朝拜君主。

10-7

齐，必有明衣，布。齐必变食，居必迁坐。

On days when he fasts and gives himself up to prayer, he should always put on a bright clean suit of plain cloth. On such days he should always change the ordinary articles of his food, and move out of his usual sitting-room.

【白话译文】

在斋戒的日子里，孔子会虔诚地祈祷，穿干净整洁的素色衣服。在此期间，他会改变日常的饮食习惯，并搬出平日居住的寝室（不与妻妾同房）。

10-8

食不厌精，脍不厌细。食而，鱼馁而肉败，不食。色恶，不食。臭恶，不食。失饪，不食。不时，不食。割不正，不食。不得其酱，不食。肉虽多，不使胜食气。惟酒无量，不及乱。沽酒市脯，不食。不撤姜食，不多食。祭于公，不宿肉，祭肉不出三日。出三日，不食之矣。食不语，寝不言。虽疏食菜羹，瓜祭，必齐如也。

The following are the details which Confucius observed in matters of food and eating:

In his food, he liked to have the rice finely cleaned and the meat, when stewed, cut in small pieces.Rice injured by damp and heat, or turned sour, he would not take; nor fish or flesh which was gone.He would not take anything that had an unwholesome colour or unwholesome flavor; nor any articles of food which had been spoilt in cooking; nor anything out of its season.Meat not properly cut he would not take; nor any dish served without its proper sauce.

Although there might be plenty of meat on the table, he would never allow the quantity of meat he took to exceed a due proportion of the rice he took. It was only in wine that he did not set himself a limit; but he never took it to excess.

He would not take wine or meat bought where it had been exposed for sale. He would always have ginger served on the table.He never ate much.

After a public sacrifice, he would never keep the portion of meat be received overnight.The meat he used in sacrifice at home he would never keep over three days; if kept over three days, he would not allow it to be eaten.

At table, while eating he would not speak. When in bed he would not talk.

Although he might have the plainest fare on the table, he would always say grace*before he ate.

（An ancient custom in China equivalent in meaning but not exactly the same as the “saying grace” in Europe. This custom is, I am told, observed in some country places in China to this day.The saying grace consists in setting aside a very small portion of the rice or meat on the table and offering it to the Powers to which the offrant is thankful that he has it to eat.）

【白话译文】

下面是孔子在食物及饮食上遵守的细节：

在食物上，他喜欢把大米洗得非常干净，炖肉时要把肉切成小块。大米如果受潮受热或者变酸，他不会食用；不吃变质的鱼或肉。如果食物的颜色不正，味道变差，不会食用；不吃烹调不当的食物；不吃不是当季的食物。肉切得不好不吃，调料放得不恰当也不吃。

即使桌上摆满了肉菜，他吃的肉也绝不会超过米饭的量。只有饮酒，孔子一般不限量，但是绝不会喝过量。

从市场上买来的酒和肉，孔子不会吃。一般桌上必须有姜，但不会吃过量。

参加国君祭祀典礼时分到的肉，孔子不会留到第二天。在家中祭祀用的肉，他不会保留超过三天；一旦超过三天，他绝不会再食用。

在桌上吃饭的时候不说话，睡觉的时候也不说话。

即使是粗茶淡饭，孔子在餐前也总会感恩祷告。*

（中国古代的饭前祭拜习俗，并不完全类似于欧洲的饭前祷告习俗。我听说这种习俗直到现在还能在中国的某些地方见到。饭前祷告包括盛一小碗米饭或肉，放在饭桌旁边，供奉赐予食物的神灵，希望他们享用这些供品后能够高兴。）

10-9

席不正，不坐。

In ordinary life, unless the mat used as a cushion was properly and squarely laid, he would not sit on it.*

（In ancient China, as now in Japan, among the people, there were no chairs; people, even kings and princes, sat on mats on the floor.）

【白话译文】

在日常生活中，如果坐垫放得不端正，孔子不会坐上去。*

（中国古代和现在的日本一样，没有椅子。甚至国王或诸侯，也都坐在放在地面的席子上。）

10-10

乡人饮酒，杖者出，斯出矣。乡人傩，朝服而立于阼阶。

When at a public dinner in his native place, he would always leave the table as soon as the old people left.

In his native place on the occasion of the Purification Festival, when the procession of villagers passed his house, he would always appear in full uniform on the steps of his house, standing on the left-hand side of the house.*

（In old China and in most Eastern countries, sanitation forms a part of religion, not enforced by police or gendarmes.）

【白话译文】

在家乡参加公宴时，孔子一定要等年长的人离席，自己才出去。家乡举行驱鬼的宗教仪式时，当村民经过孔子的家，孔子总是整齐着装，站在自家门前的台阶上，而且站在房子的左侧。*

（在中国古代及大部分亚洲国家，卫生构成了宗教的一部分，但这并不是强制行为。）

10-11

问人于他邦，再拜而送之。康子馈药，拜而受之。曰：“丘未达，不敢尝。”

When he had occasion to entrust a message of enquiry after the health of a friend in another country to any person, he would always, on the person entrusted with the message leaving him, make obeisance twice and see him to the door.

On one occasion when a noble, who was the minister in power in his native State, sent him a present of some medicines, he received it respectfully, but said to the messenger: “Tell your Master I do not know the nature of the drugs, therefore I shall be afraid to use it.”

【白话译文】

当孔子偶尔委托别人向身在异国的朋友带去问候时，在捎信的人离开的时候，孔子会深深鞠躬两次，并把他送到门口。

有一次，孔子祖国掌权的贵族（季康子）送给孔子一些药，孔子礼貌地接受了，但是对送药的仆人说：“请告诉你的主人，我对这些药物的药性不甚了解，因此不敢服用。”

10-12

厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。

On one occasion when, as he was returning from an audience at the palace, he heard that the State stable was on fire, his first question was! “Has any man been injured?” He did not ask about the horses.

【白话译文】

有一次，孔子刚从宫廷应诏回家，听说国家的马厩着火了，他首先问：“是否有人受伤？”而没有问马的情况。

10-13

君赐食，必正席先尝之。君赐腥，必熟而荐之。君赐生，必畜之。侍食于君，君祭，先饭。疾，君视之，东首，加朝服，拖绅。君命召，不俟驾行矣。

When his prince sent him a present of a dish of cooked meat, he would always have it properly served on the table, and he himself would taste it before he allowed others to taste it. When his prince sent him uncooked meat as a present, he would have it cooked and then offer it first in sacrifice before his ancestors.When his prince sent him a live animal, he would keep it alive.

When he had the honour to sit with his prince at table, after the prince had said grace he would first taste the dishes.

When he was sick, on his prince coming to see him, he would lie with his head to the east and have his court uniform laid over him with the girdle drawn across.

When he received a summons from his prince he would immediately go on foot, without waiting for his carriage.

【白话译文】

当国君送给孔子熟食作为礼物时，孔子总是将食物端正地放在桌上，自己先品尝，然后再允许其他人吃。当国君送给孔子生肉作为礼物时，他会先把肉煮熟，然后把肉放在祖先牌位前作为供奉。当国君送给孔子活的牲口时，他一定会饲养起来。

当和国君同席进餐时，在国君举行饭前祭礼以后，孔子总是先尝一下食物。当孔子生病了，国君来看他时，他会头朝东躺着，并把朝服盖在身上，将朝带绑在朝服上。

当国君召见孔子时，他会不等车马驾好就立刻步行前去。

10-14

入太庙，每事问。

When he attended the service at the Great Cathedral (ancestral temple of the reigning prince) he always enquired what he should do at every stage of the service.

【白话译文】

当孔子在国君的宗庙供职的时候，他对服务过程中的每一个环节都会询问。

10-15

朋友死，无所归，曰：“于我殡。”朋友之馈，虽车马，非祭肉，不拜。

When any friend died who had no one to perform the last offices, he would always say: “Leave it to me; I will bury him.”

When friends sent him presents, although these might consist of carriages and horses, he would not on receiving them make obeisance. The only present which he received with an obeisance was meat which had been used in sacrifice.

【白话译文】

如果有朋友去世，又没有亲属负责丧事，孔子总是说：“让我来办吧，我来安葬他。”

如果有朋友送给孔子礼物，尽管这些礼物包括车和马，在接受礼物的时候，孔子也不会鞠躬行礼。唯一可以让孔子鞠躬行礼的礼物，就是可以作为贡品的祭肉。

10-16

寝不尸，居不客。见齐衰者，虽狎，必变。见冕者与瞽者，虽亵，必以貌。凶服者式之。式负版者。有盛馔，必变色而作。迅雷风烈必变。

In bed, he was never seen to lie straight on his back like a corpse. In ordinary life at home, he would never use formality.

When he met anyone dressed in deep mourning, although the person might be a familiar acquaintance, he would always look grave and serious. When he met with an officer in full uniform or a blind person, although he himself might be in undress, he would always behave with ceremony and punctiliousness.

When driving in his carriage, on meeting with a funeral cortege, he would always bend his head forward out of the carriage, to bow. He would behave in the same way when he met the procession carrying the mortality returns of the population.

At a dinner, wherever a dish en grand tenue was brought to the table, he would look serious and rise up to thank the host.

On a sudden clap of thunder or during a violent storm, he would look grave and serious.

【白话译文】

孔子睡觉时绝不会像死尸一样直挺着身子。在平常的家庭生活中，他绝不使用非常正式的礼仪。

如果遇到穿丧服的人，即使和这个人的关系很亲密，孔子也一定会显得庄重。如果遇到穿官服的官员或者盲人，尽管自己可能穿便装，孔子总是会毕恭毕敬。

乘车的时候，如果遇到出殡的队伍，孔子总会从马车里伸出头行礼。如果遇到出殡回来的队伍，他会以相同的方式行礼。参加宴席的时候，如果有丰盛的酒菜送到席上，他会显得异常严肃，并站起来向主人致谢。

如果突遇电闪雷鸣或者狂风肆虐，他会显得庄严肃穆（以示对上天的敬畏）。

10-17

升车，必正立，执绥。车中，不内顾，不疾言，不亲指。

When about to mount his carriage he would stand in a proper position, holding the cord in his hand. When in the carriage he would look straight before him without turning his head.He would not talk fast or point with his fingers.

【白话译文】

当孔子上马车的时候，一定会站在正确的位置，手里握着缰绳。坐上马车后，孔子会目视前方，不左顾右盼，不高声说话，也不会用自己的手指指点点。

10-18

色斯举矣，翔而后集。曰：“山梁雌雉，时哉时哉！”子路共之，三嗅而作。

As they turned to look at it, it instantly rose and, hovering about, it settled again. Somebody said! “Ah! pheasant on the hill! Ah! pheasant on the hill! You know the times! You know the times!” Confucius'disciple, the intrepid Chung Yu, conned it over three times; then, suddenly understanding the meaning of the remark, made an exclamation, rose, and went away.*

（Chinese commentators give up the passage in this section, confessing they cannot understand its meaning. Sir Chaloner Alabaster, however, has discovered a very good explanation of this passage which unfortunately we cannot exactly remember.We here make a guess of his explanation from memory.）

【白话译文】

当大家转过头看向野鸡的时候，它立刻飞起来，在空中盘旋，又再次落下。有人惊叹：“啊！野鸡落在山上了！啊！野鸡落在山上了！你可真是生逢其时！真是生逢其时！”孔子的学生、勇猛的仲由（子路）反复念了三遍，然后恍然大悟，大喊一声，站起来离开了。*

（中国的评论者并未对这一段做出评论，他们承认不能理解这段话的含义。然而，阿查立爵士却发现可以对这一段做出极好的解释，但是我们却无法准确记住他是如何解释的。在这里，我们只是凭记忆对爵士的解释做出一种猜测。）