第7章 雍也第六
6-1
子曰：“雍也可使南面。”仲弓问子桑伯子。子曰：“可也，简。”仲弓曰：“居敬而行简，以临其民，不亦可乎？居简而行简，无乃太简乎？”子曰：“雍之言然。”
Confucius, once expressing admiration for a disciple, remarked! “There is Yung—he should be made a prince.”
On another occasion, when that disciple asked Confucius'opinion of a certain public character of the time, Confucius answered! “He is a good man: he is independent.”
“But!” replied the disciple! “when a man in his private life is serious with himself, he may, in his public life, be independent in dealing with the people. But to be independent with himself in his private life*as well as independent in his public life! —is there not too much independence in that?” “Yes!” answered Confucius! “you are right.”
（It is recorded of this character that he would strip himself, as many Chinese now do in summer, which led Confucius to say! “That is the way to lead men to forget the difference between a man and a beast.” ）
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子称赞他的一位学生（冉雍，字仲弓）说：“这就是雍啊——他可以成为一代国君。”
又有一次，那位学生（冉雍）问孔子对当代某位公众人物（子桑伯子）的看法，孔子回答：“他是一个不错的人，他很独立。”
“但是，”这位学生回答，“当一个人在自己的私生活*中显得很独立时，在社会生活中同他人打交道也可能会不近人情。但是，如果他在私生活中显得很独立，就像他在社会生活中那样，那他是不是太过独立了？”“是的，”孔子回答，“你说得很对。”
（拥有这种性格的人，会像大部分中国人在夏天层层剥掉衣服一样，持续剖析自己。因此孔子被迫说道：“这种方式会使人忘记人与兽之间的差异。”）
6-2
哀公问：“弟子孰为好学？”孔子对曰：“有颜回者好学，不迁怒，不贰过，不幸短命死矣。今也则亡，未闻好学者也。”
The reigning prince of Confucius'native State asked him which one of his disciples he considered a man of real culture.
Confucius answered! “There was Yen Hui. He never made others suffer for his own annoyances.He never did a wrong thing twice. But unfortunately he died in the prime of his life.Now there in no one, none who can be said to be a man of real culture.”
【白话译文】
孔子祖国（鲁国）的在位国君（鲁哀公）问孔子，他认为他的哪个学生学识最渊博。
孔子回答：“有个叫颜回的学生。他从不迁怒于别人，也从不犯同样的错误。但是他不幸英年早逝。现在没有那样的人了，没有谁能称得上有真才实学。”
6-3
子华使于齐，冉子为其母请粟。子曰：“与之釜。”请益。曰：“与之庾。”冉子与之粟五秉。子曰：“赤之适齐也，乘肥马，衣轻裘。吾闻之也：君子周急不继富。”原思为之宰，与之粟九百，辞。子曰：“毋，以与尔邻里乡党乎！”
On one occasion when a disciple of Confucius was sent on a public mission to a foreign State, he left his mother at home un-provided for. Another disciple then asked Confucius to provide her with grain. “Give her!” said Confucius! “so much!” naming a certain quantity.The disciple asked for more.Confucius then named a larger quantity.Finally the disciple gave her a larger quantity than the quantity which Confucius named.
When Confucius came to know of it, he remarked! “When that woman's son left on his mission he drove in a carriage with fine horses and was clothed with costly furs. Now I believe a wise and good man reserves his charity for the really needy; he does not help the well-to-do and rich.”
On another occasion, when another disciple was appointed the chief magistrate of a town, Confucius appointed his salary at nine hundred measures of grain. The disciple declined it as being too much.
“Do not decline it!” said Confucius to him. “If that is more than necessary for your own wants, cannot you share what you do not want with your relatives and neighbors at home?”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子的一位学生（公西华）奉命出使另一个国家，将母亲留在家里无人照顾。后来，另一位学生（冉有）请孔子送给她一些粮食。孔子说，“就给她这么多吧！”并说出了一定数量（显然并不多）。这位学生要求再多给点，孔子又多给了一些。最后这位学生送去的粮食比孔子答应的数量要多出许多。
孔子知道此事后，说：“这位老母的儿子（公西华）出使的时候，驾着由骏马拉的漂亮马车，穿着狐裘做的漂亮大衣。我认为，聪明高尚的人会把仁慈之心留给真正需要帮助的人，而不是去帮助小康之家或富人。”
还有一次，孔子的另一位学生（原宪[58]）在孔子当鲁国司寇时，被孔子任命为家中总管，孔子答应给他九百担谷物做薪水。这位学生觉得太多了，不肯接受。
“不要推辞，”孔子对他说，“如果这些超过了你自己的需要，为什么不把剩下的那些分给你家乡的亲朋好友和父老乡亲呢？”
6-4
子谓仲弓，曰：“犁牛之子骍且角。虽欲勿用，山川其舍诸？”
Confucius remarked of a disciple whose father was a notoriously bad man, saying: “The calf of a brindled cow, provided it be well conditioned, although men may hesitate to use it in sacrifice, is yet not unacceptable to the Spirits of the land.”
【白话译文】
孔子的一位学生（冉雍）的父亲是个大坏人，孔子评论这位学生说：“有斑点的母牛产下的牛犊，如果给它提供良好的环境，尽管人们在祭祀时可能犹豫是否该使用这样的牛犊做祭品，但对于神灵来说，这也是可以接受的。”
6-5
季康子问：“仲由可使从政也与？”子曰：“由也果，于从政乎何有？”曰：“赐也可使从政也与？”曰：“赐也达，于从政乎何有？”曰：“求也可使从政也与？”曰：“求也艺，于从政乎何有？”
A minster who was in power in Confucius'native State asked him if his disciple, the intrepid Chung Yu, could be made a minister under the government. “He is man of decision!” answered Confucius. “What is there in being a minister under the government that he should find any difficulty in it?”
The minister then put the same question with regard to another disciple. “He is a man of great penetration!” answered Confucius. “What is there in being a minister that he should find any difficulty in it?”
The minister then went on to ask the same question about another disciple. “He is a man of many accomplishments!” answered Confucius. “What is there in being a minister that he should find any difficulty in it?”
【白话译文】
孔子祖国（鲁国）的一位掌权大臣（季康子）问孔子，他的学生、勇猛的仲由能否在政府做官。“他这个人做事果断，”孔子回答，“他在政府中做官，会有什么困难呢？”
这位大臣然后针对另一位学生（子贡）也问了相同的问题。“他是个洞察一切的人，”孔子回答，“他在政府中做官，会有什么困难呢？”
然后，这位大臣又针对另一位学生（冉有）问了同样的问题。“他在很多方面都有所成就，”孔子回答，“他在政府中做官，会有什么困难呢？”
6-6
子曰：“回也，其心三月不违仁，其余则日月至焉而已矣。”
Confucius remarked of his disciple, the favourite Yen Hui, saying! “For months he could live without deviating from a pure moral life in thought as in deed. With other people, the utmost is a question of a day or a month.”
【白话译文】
孔子评价他最喜欢的学生颜回说：“他可以长时间在思想和行动上确实遵守纯粹的道德规范。而对于其他人来说，最多只能做到一天或一个月。”
6-7
季氏使闵子骞为费宰，闵子骞曰：“善为我辞焉！如有复我者，则吾必在汶上矣。”
A minister in power in Confucius'native State sent for a disciple of Confucius to make him the chief magistrate of an important town.
“Politely decline the offer for me!” said the disciple to the messenger sent to him! “and if your master again should send for me, I shall have to leave the country altogether.”
【白话译文】
孔子祖国（鲁国）的一位掌权大臣（季孙氏）任命孔子的一位学生（闵损[59]）去一个重要城镇做长官。“请替我婉言谢绝吧，”这位学生对信使说，“如果您的主人再来邀请我，那我只能彻底离开这个国家了。”
6-8
伯牛有疾。子问之，自牖执其手，曰：“亡之，命矣夫，斯人也而有斯疾也！斯人也而有斯疾也！”
On one occasion, when a disciple was sick with an infectious disease, Confucius went to see him. Confucius, however, did not enter the house, but, taking the sick man's hands from outside the window, made him his last adieus.Confucius was then heard to say! “We shall lose him. But God's will be done!” At the same time he went on repeating! “Ah! That such a man should die of such a sickness.Ah! That such a man should die of such a sickness!”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子的一位学生（伯牛[60]）得了传染病，孔子去看他。但是孔子没有进屋，只是在窗外牵着病人的手，听他说完临终遗言。然后有人听到孔子说：“我们就要失去他了。这是命中注定吧！”同时他又反复叹息道：“啊，这么好的人竟然死于这种病！啊，这么好的人竟然死于这种病！”
6-9
子曰：“贤哉回也！一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。贤哉回也！”
Confucius remarked of his disciple, the favorite Yen Hui, saying! “How much heroism is in that man! Living on one single meal a day, with water for his drink, and living in the lowest hovels of the city! —no man could have stood such hardships, yet he—he did not lose his cheerfulness. How much heroism is in that man!”
【白话译文】
孔子谈到他最喜欢的学生颜回时说：“这个人多么富有英雄气概啊！每天只吃一顿饭，喝一次水，住在全城最低矮的茅屋里面——没有人能忍受这样的艰苦，只有他依旧乐趣不减。这个人多么伟大呀！”
6-10
冉求曰：“非不说子之道，力不足也。”子曰：“力不足者，中道而废。今女画。”
A disciple once said to Confucius! “It is not because I do not believe in your teaching, but I want the strength to carry it out into practice.”
“Those!” answered Confucius! “who only want the necessary strength, show it when they are on the way. But you—you stick at it from the outset altogether.”
【白话译文】
有一次，一位学生（冉有）对孔子说：“不是因为我不相信您教的东西，而是我需要花力气将这些知识付诸实践。”
孔子回答：“对于那些只想得到必要能力的人，他们在学习过程中才会体现出这样的期望。但是你不同——你从一开始就坚持这一点，给自己划定了界限。”
6-11
子谓子夏曰：“女为君子儒，无为小人儒。”
Confucius said to a disciple! “Be a good and wise man while you try to be an encyclopædic man of culture;*be not a fool while you try to be an encyclopædic man of culture.”
（Literally “a humanist!” the term now used for Confucius and Confucianism.
“The aim in education!” says Comenius! “is to teach him everything which is necessary to enable him to attain to what a human being can attain to.” ）
【白话译文】
孔子对一位学生（子夏）说：“当你想成为一个学识渊博的人时，应当做一个聪明而高尚的人*，而不要做一个笨蛋。”
（“a humanist”文学上称为“人文主义者”，现在这个词用来指儒家或儒家思想。
“教育的目的，”夸美纽斯[61]说，“是教会学生去获得作为人类所能获得的必要方法。”）
6-12
子游为武城宰。子曰：“女得人焉尔乎？”曰：“有澹台灭明者，行不由径，非公事，未尝至于偃之室也。”
On one occasion, when a disciple was appointed chief magistrate of an important town, Confucius said to him! “Have you succeeded in getting a good man under you?”
“Yes!” answered the disciple! “I have now a man who would never act upon expediency. He never comes to see me in my house except when there is urgent public business to be done.”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子的一位学生（子游）被任命为一个重要城镇的长官，孔子问他：“你有没有成功地找到道德高尚的人做你的助手？”
“是的，”这位学生回答，“有一个人（澹台灭明[62]）从来不会受个人私利的驱使，除非有紧急公务要处理，否则他绝不会去我家拜访。”
6-13
子曰：“孟之反不伐。奔而殿，将入门，策其马，曰：‘非敢后也，马不进也。’”
Confucius remarked of a chivalrous public character of the time, saying! “He was a man who never would boast. On one occasion, when the troops among whom he was, took to flight, he slowly brought up the rear; and when they had approached the city gate to which they were retreating, he whipped his horse and was the last man to enter the gate, remarking, simply! 'It was not courage which kept me behind. But you see—my horse would not go! '”
【白话译文】
孔子评价当时一位勇猛的知名公众人物（孟之反[63]）时说：“他从不夸耀自己。有一次，他所在的军队打败仗逃跑时，他殿后掩护；当他们接近部队撤退的城门时，他鞭打战马，最后一个进了城门，然后若无其事地说：‘不是我勇敢才殿后的，你们看——是我的马不肯跑呀！’”
6-14
子曰：“不有祝之佞，而有宋朝之美，难乎免于今之世矣。”
Confucius, referring to two noted characters of his time, remarked! “A man who has not the wit of that person (the Sydney Smith of the time) and the fine appearance of that noble lord (the Lord Chesterfield of the time），will never get on in society now.”
【白话译文】
谈到当时两位著名人物（祝[64]和宋国公子朝[65]），孔子说：“一个人如果没有像祝（他就像当代的西德尼·史密斯[66]）那样的智慧，也没有像公子朝那样的俊美容貌（他就像当代的切斯特·菲尔德勋爵[67]），那他在当今社会就寸步难行了。”
6-15
子曰：“谁能出不由户？何莫由斯道也？”
Confucius remarked! “Who can get out of the house except through the door? How is it that men do not know that one cannot live except through the Way?”*
（Sinevia, non itur.）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“谁能不经过房门就能从房间出来呢？为什么人们不知道，如果不走我指出来的那条道路，是无法生活的呢？”*
（没有道路，就不要前行。——原文为拉丁文）
6-16
子曰：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。”
Confucius remarked! “When the natural qualities of men get the better of the results of education, they are rude men. When the results of education get the better of their natural qualities, they become literati.It is only when the natural qualities and the results of education are properly blended, that we have the truly wise and good man.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“当人的自然品质战胜了教育的成果，他们就是粗俗不堪的人。当教育的成果战胜了人的自然品质，他们就会成为有文化修养的人。只有自然品质和教育成果很好地结合在一起，我们才能看到真正聪明而有品德的人。”
6-17
子曰：“人之生也直，罔之生也幸而免。”
Confucius remarked! “Man is born to be upright; when a man ceases to be that, it is by the merest chance that he can keep himself alive.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“人是生来正直的；如果一个人不再正直，那么他能生存的机会就很渺茫了。”
6-18
子曰：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”
Confucius remarked! “Those who know it are not as those who love it; those who love it are not as those who find their joy in it.”*
（This is the difference between a moralist, a philosopher, and a real man of religion.）
【白话译文】
孔子说：“了解不如喜欢，喜欢不如乐在其中。”*
（这是道德家、哲学家和真正的宗教人士之间的认知差异。）
6-19
子曰：“中人以上，可以语上也；中人以下，不可以语上也。”
Confucius remarked! “You may speak of high things to those who in natural qualities of mind are above average men. You may not speak to those who in natural qualities of mind are below average men.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“你可以给心智高于平均水平的人讲解深奥的事情，而不可以给心智低于平均水平的人讲这些事情。”
6-20
樊迟问知。子曰：“务民之义，敬鬼神而远之，可谓知矣。”问仁。曰：“仁者先难而后获，可谓仁矣。”
A disciple enquired what constituted understanding.
Confucius answered! “To know the essential duties of man living in a society of men, and to hold in awe and fear the Spiritual Powers of the Universe, while keeping aloof from irreverent familiarity with them; that may be considered as understanding.”
The disciple then asked what constituted a moral life.
Confucius answered! “A man who wants to live a moral life must first be conscious within himself of a difficulty and have struggled to overcome the difficulty: that is the definition or test of a moral life.”
【白话译文】
一位学生（樊迟）问怎样才算是智慧。孔子回答：“了解一个人生活在人类社会的基本义务，内心敬畏世间的神灵，并远离对神灵不敬的习惯。这样就可以说是智慧了。”
这位学生又问什么才是有道德的生活。孔子回答：“一个人想要过道德高尚的生活，首先必须意识到困难，并努力克服这些困难。这是道德生活的含义或检验的标准。”
6-21
子曰：“知者乐水，仁者乐山；知者动，仁者静；知者乐，仁者寿。”
Confucius remarked! “Men of intellectual character delight in water scenery; men of moral character delight in mountain scenery. Intellectual men are active; moral men are calm.Intellectual men enjoy life; moral men live long.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“聪明的人欣赏水景时心情愉悦，高尚的人游览山景时满心欢喜。聪明的人活跃，高尚的人沉静。聪明的人享受生活，高尚的人延年益寿。”
6-22
子曰：“齐一变，至于鲁；鲁一变，至于道。”
Confucius, referring to the state of government in his native State and that in a neighboring State, remarked! “If Ts'i*would only reform, she would have as good a government as Lu (Confucius'native State），and if Lu would only reform she would have a perfect government.”
[An Englishman would perhaps say the France of ancient feudal China: noted for chivalry, disinterestedness and love of ideas in the character of her people; but at Confucius'time, given too much over to false liberalism. Lu (Confucius'native State) was perhaps the England or Great Britain of ancient China: noted for love of morality and common sense in the character of her people, but inaptness for ideas which made them rather utilitarian in their politics and government.Both States were in the modern province of Shantung, on the sea coast.]
【白话译文】
孔子在谈到祖国（鲁国）和邻国（齐国）的政府状态时说：“如果齐国*进行改革，它的政府就会和鲁国的政府一样出色。如果鲁国进行改革，它就会有一个无可挑剔的完美政府。”
（英国人或许将法国比作古代的封建中国，其百姓的性格以无所畏惧、不偏不倚及热衷思考而著称。但是在孔子的时代，却灌输了太多错误的自由思想。孔子的祖国鲁国，在古代中国来说，可能像英格兰或大不列颠一样，百姓的性格以热爱道德及情理而著称，但是政治家和政府却很难接受令国家发展更实用的思想。这两个国家均位于现在的山东省境内，毗邻大海。）
6-23
子曰：“觚不觚，觚哉！觚哉！”
Confucius was once heard to exclaim! “A goblet that is not globular: why call it a goblet; why call it a goblet?”*
（Referring to an article of common use then which had become a misnomer, and to many things; especially, many kinds of-ism and-ities in Confucius'time which had also become misnomers.）
【白话译文】
有一次，有人听到孔子大声说：“如果一个酒器不再是酒器的形状，怎么能称为酒器呢？怎么能称为酒器呢？”*
（倘若针对的是平日使用的一种器具，那么可能是用词不当，对于很多事情来说，在孔子时代，若用某某主义和某某家来称呼，也可能是用词不当的缘故。）
6-24
宰我问曰：“仁者，虽告之曰‘井有仁焉’，其从之也？”子曰：“何为其然也？君子可逝也，不可陷也；可欺也，不可罔也。”
A disciple of Confucius once said to him! “A moral man! —if somebody told him that there was a man fallen into a well, I suppose he would immediately follow into the well?” “Why should he?” replied Confucius! “A good and wise man might be led to hurry to the scene, but not to plunge into the well. He could be imposed upon, but not made a fool of.”
【白话译文】
有一次，一位学生（宰我）对孔子说：“一个道德高尚的人，如果有人告诉他说有人掉进井里了，我猜他可能会立刻跳进井里救人吧？”
“他为什么这么做呢？”孔子回答，“聪明而道德高尚的人听到后可能会立刻赶到现场，但不会一头扎进井里去救人。他或许会被欺骗，但不可能被愚弄。”
6-25
子曰：“君子博学于文，约之以礼，亦可以弗畔矣夫。”
Confucius remarked! “A good man who studies extensively into the arts and literature, and directs his studies with judgment and taste, is not likely to get into a wrong track.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“道德高尚的人会广泛地学习古代的文化典籍，并用礼来约束自己，这样就不会误入歧途。”
6-26
子见南子，子路不说。夫子矢之曰：“予所否者，天厌之！天厌之！”
On one occasion when Confucius allowed himself to be presented to a princess of a State who was notorious for the irregularities of her life, his disciple, the intrepid Chung Yu, was vexed.
Confucius then swore an oath, saying! “If I have had an unworthy motive in doing that, may God forsake my—may God forsake me for ever!”
【白话译文】
有一次，孔子去见一位因生活毫无节制而声名狼藉的王后（南子[68]），孔子的学生、勇猛的子路得知后非常生气。于是孔子发誓道：“如果我去见她有什么邪恶的动机，就让上天抛弃我吧！就让上天永远抛弃我吧！”
6-27
子曰：“中庸之为德也，其至矣乎！民鲜久矣。”
Confucius remarked! “The use of the moral sentiment, well balanced and kept in perfect equilibrium! —that is the true state of human perfection. It is seldom found long so kept up amongst man.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“将道德情感的使用保持在完美的均衡状态——这就是完美人生的最佳状态。但是现在很少有人能长期保持这种状态。”
6-28
子贡曰：“如有博施于民而能济众，何如？可谓仁乎？”子曰：“何事于仁？必也圣乎！尧舜其犹病诸。”
A disciple once said to Confucius! “If there is a man who carries out extensively good works for the welfare of the people and is really able to benefit the multitude, what would you say of such a man: could he be called a moral character?”
“Why call him only a moral character!” answered Confucius. “If one must call such a man by a name, one would call him a holy or sainted man. For, judged by the works of which you speak, even the ancient Emperors Yao and Shun*felt their shortcomings.”
[The Abraham and Isaac in patriarchal times of Chinese history.
Mencius, making use of these names to illustrate his teaching, says: “A man rises early every morning and works persistently all day long, for what? For righteousness; then he is a son of Abraham (Shun）. Another man also rises early every morning and works persistently all day long, for what? For gain, then he is a son of Barabbas the Robber.（盗跖）” ]
【白话译文】
有一次，一位学生（子贡）对孔子说：“如果一个人为了人民的福祉而做了很多好事，而且这些事情确实能让广大百姓受益匪浅，那么您将如何评价这个人呢？他是不是可以称为道德高尚的人？”
“为什么只是称他为道德高尚的人呢？”孔子回答，“如果一定要给这个人一个称谓，应当称他为圣人。因为通过你所说的事迹来判断，即便是古代帝王尧和舜*也会自愧不如。”
[尧舜时代就好比中国历史上族长统治的亚伯拉罕和以撒时代。
孟子在解释他的教义的时候曾用过这些名字，他说：“一个人每天清晨很早起床，整日不停地劳作，是为了什么？是为了正义，那么他就是亚伯拉罕（舜）的儿子；另一个人清晨很早起床，也是整日不停地劳作，是为了什么？是为了不劳而获，那么他就是大盗巴拉巴（盗跖）的儿子。”]
6-29
子曰：“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。”
Confucius remarked! “A moral man in forming his character forms the character of others; in enlightening himself be enlightens others. It is a good method in attaining a moral life, if one is able to consider how one would see things and act if placed in the position of others.”
【白话译文】
孔子说：“一个道德高尚的人在形成自身道德品格的时候，结合了其他人的性格特征，在启发自我的时候，开导了别人。如果能将自己放在别人的位置，观察如何看待事情和如何做事，这是获得道德生活的一种很好方法。”