全国小学生英语竞赛(六年级组)高分应试教程(2016年全国小学生英语竞赛辅导系列)
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第四节 句 法

一、句子的特征

句子是能够单独存在并能表达一个相对完整意思的语法单位。一个完整的句子具有以下特征:

(1)遵循一定的语法结构,如主语、谓语、宾语、动词的时态、名词的单复数等。

(2)有一定的语调,语调能够表达说话人的态度或口气,在口语表达中尤其重要。

(3)首字母大写。

英语中,一个句子开头的单词的第一个字母要大写。例如:

She is a good girl.(句子开头第一个单词She的首字母大写。)

(4)标点的使用。

①句子末尾必须有句号“.”、问号“?”或感叹号“!”等标点来表示句子的结束。例如:

She is a student.她是一个学生。

Is she a student?她是一个学生吗?

What a good student!多么好的学生啊!

②句子与句子之间不可以用逗号“,”。请看下面的病句:

病句:She is a good girl, she is very beautiful.

分析:逗号两边为两个完整的句子,因此不能用逗号连接。

纠正1:She is a good girl.She is very beautiful.(两个句子中间使用句号断开,句子首字母大写。)

或者:

纠正2:She is a good girl, and she is very beautiful.(两个句子使用连词and连接,因此中间可以使用逗号表示短暂停顿。)

二、句子的种类

英语里的句子按照其用途和使用目的可分为四大类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

(一)陈述句

陈述句是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法。朗读时使用降调,句子结尾使用句号“.”。例如:

He gets up at 7:00 o,clock.他七点起床。(陈述事实)

He is a nice friend.他是一个好朋友。(表达看法)

1.陈述句常用结构。

(1)主语+谓语+(宾语)+(其他)。例如:

He laughs.他笑了。(句子中的主语为He,谓语为laughs。laughs为不及物动词,所以后面不接宾语。)

He is eating his lunch.他在吃中午饭。(句子中的主语为He,谓语为表示进行时态的is eating。eat为及物动词,所以后面接宾语his lunch。)

(2)主语+系动词(如be动词)+其他(名词、形容词、介词短语等)。例如:

He is a student.他是一个学生。(句子中,He为主语,is为系动词)

They are happy.他们很高兴。

I am at home.我在家。

注意:谓语动词和系动词有时态的变化和第三人称单数变化。同时,还可以在谓语动词和系动词前面加上情态动词,例如:can/should/may/must等等。

2.陈述句可以分为肯定句和否定句。

(1)谓语为实义动词且没有情态动词和助动词时,do/does/did+not构成否定。

I want to eat an apple.我想吃苹果。(肯定句)

【变为否定句】 I do not/don,t want to eat an apple.我不想吃苹果。

【分析】

在谓语动词want前面加do not或者don,t。

He helps his mother to do housework.他帮助妈妈做家务。(肯定句)

【变为否定句】

He does not/doesn,t help his mother to do housework.他没有帮妈妈做家务。

【分析】 谓语动词helps为第三人称单数形式,前面加does not或者doesn,t,helps改成help。

2015年初赛真题

The twins watched TV last night.(改为否定句)

The twins________TV last night.

【分析】

谓语动词为watched,为一般过去时,否定形式借助助动词didn,t,动词恢复原形。

【答案】 didn,t watch。

(2)系动词is、am、are、was、were为谓语动词,“系动词+not”构成否定。

He is a teacher.他是老师。(肯定句)

【变为否定句】 He is not/isn,t a teacher.他不是老师。

【分析】 在系动词is后面加not,或者把is not写成简写形式isn,t。

(3)谓语中有情态动词时,由“情态动词+not”构成否定。

I can swim.我会游泳。

【变为否定句】 I can not/can,t swim.我不会游泳。

【分析】 在情态动词can后面加not,或者把cannot缩写成can,t。

(4)常用的表示否定的缩写形式。

do not=don,t

does not=doesn,t

is not=isn,t

are not=aren,t

have not=haven,t

has not=hasn,t

cannot=can,t

need not=needn,t

will not=won,t

3.使用no、never或者hardly的否定句。

如:

I never give up.我永不放弃。(否定句,never表示否定。)

I hardly know you.我不太认识你。(否定句,hardly表示否定。)

I have an apple

【变为否定句】 I have no apple.我没有苹果。(=I don,t have an apple.)

I have some water

【变为否定句】 I have no water.我没有水。(=I don,t have any water.)

注意:加don,t,some需要改成any。

(二)疑问句

疑问句主要用于提出问题或者表示疑问。疑问句又可以分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句。

Is she your mother?(一般疑问句)

Who is she?(特殊疑问句)

Is she your aunt or mother?(选择疑问句)

She is your aunt, isn,t she? (反义疑问句)

1.一般疑问句。

一般疑问句指用yes(是)或no(否)来回答的句子,并且可以使用简略答法。朗读时句末用升调,句子以问号“?”结尾。

(1)一般疑问句的结构是:系动词(are/am/is/were/was)/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分。例如:

Are they in the classroom?(系动词+主语+其他成分。)

Do you like English class?(助动词+主语+其他成分。)

Does she have a pencil?(助动词+主语+其他成分,主语为she,所以助动词使用does。)

Did you go to school yesterday?(助动词+主语+其他成分,过去时需要使用助动词did。)

Can you swim?(情态动词+主语+其他成分。)

注意:将陈述句改为一般疑问句时,要将be动词/情态动词/助动词提前;如果句中没有这三类,则在句子前面添加do(一般现在时) / does(一般现在时第三人称单数)/did(过去时),且后面的谓语动词恢复原形。

(2)一般疑问句的回答:

肯定:Yes,+主语+提问的助动词。

否定:No,+主语+提问的助动词+not。例如:

—Are they in the classroom?

—Yes, they are./ No, they are not.

—Do you like English class?

—Yes, I do./ No, I don,t.

—Does she have a pencil?

—Yes, she does./ No, she doesn,t.

—Can you swim?

—Yes, I can./ No, I can,t.

2015年初赛真题

Jack,s grandpa can play chess very well.(改为一般疑问句,并作简略肯定回答)

________Jack,s grandpa play chess very well?

________,________ ________.

【分析】

改为一般疑问句时,使用结构:情态动词+主语+其他成分。作简略肯定回答时使用结构:Yes,+主语+提问的助动词。由于主语为Jack,s grandpa,因此回答时使用he代替。

【答案】 Can;Yes, he can.

2014年初赛真题

May visited her grandparents last night.(改为一般疑问句,并作简略肯定回答)

________May________her grandparents last night?

________,________ ________.

【分析】 本句为过去时态,因此需借助do的过去式did,其后用动词原形visit。肯定回答为“Yes, she did”,否定回答为“No, she didn,t”。

【答案】 Did,visit; Yes, she did.

(3)不表示疑问语气的一般疑问句。

英语中,有一些句子虽然拥有一般疑问句的形式,但是并不表示疑问,因此回答时不能简单地用Yes或者No回答。

—Shall we go swimming?(让我们一起去游泳吧!)

—OK, let,s go./ Sorry, I...

(4)一般疑问句中,有时候否定形式表示的是惊讶、怀疑或者赞叹,这时不需作答。例如:

Isn,t it a lovely day? 这天气多么好啊!(表示赞叹)

Isn,t it yours? 这不是你的吗?(表示怀疑)

2.特殊疑问句。

特殊疑问句以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问。朗读时句末多用降调。句末标点符号为问号“?”。

(1)常用特殊疑问词(表2—24)。

72 73

注意:what time/day/date、when和how long的区别。

—What date is it today?今天是哪天?—It is July 4th.(简略回答为:July 4th.)

—When did you come to China?—I came to China on July 4th.(简略回答为:On July 4th.)

—How long have you been in China? —I have been here for 5 years.(简略回答为:5 years.)

(2)特殊疑问句的一般结构。

① 当提问的部分是主语时,其结构为:疑问词+谓语+其他。例如:

Who plays basketball?

Whose bike is broken?

② 当提问的部分不是主语,其结构为:疑问词+系动词(are/am/is/were/was)/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分。例如:

Who is she?(she为主语。)

What class are you in?(you为主语。)

2015年初赛真题

is,whose, T—shirt, it (?) (连词成句)

【分析】 题干中有问号,所以疑问词whose放在句首,并且变成首字母大写。接着加系动词is,然后加主语it及标点“?”。

【答案】 Whose T—shirt is it?

注意:针对画线部分提问时,应该根据提问的内容确定疑问词。比如地点使用where、时间使用when等。在疑问词的后面接be动词/情态动词/助动词等;如果句中没有这三类词,则在疑问词后面添加do(一般现在时) / does(一般现在时第三人称单数)/did(过去时),且后面的谓语动词恢复原形。

2015年初赛真题

The pandas live in Sichuan.(对画线部分提问)

________ ________the pandas live?

【分析】 提问的是地点in Sichuan,因此,使用疑问词Where,并且首字母大写。谓语动词为实义动词live,主语为pandas,因此where后面加助动词do。

【答案】 Where do。

2012年初赛真题

Mary cleaned the room yesterday.(对画线部分提问)

【分析】 提问的是过去做的什么事情,因此使用疑问词what,助动词使用表示过去时的did。实义动词使用原形do。

【答案】 What did Mary do yesterday?

(3)特殊疑问句的省略形式。

由于有上下文语境,因此有时候可以使用特殊疑问句的省略形式进行提问:例如:

This story is interesting.

Which story?(=Which story is interesting?)

(4)特殊疑问句答语。

—Where are you from?

—I am from China.(简略答语:China.)

—Who plays basketball?

—Tom plays basketball.(简略答语:Tom.)

3.选择疑问句。

选择疑问句是指提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择的疑问句式。朗读时,前一个供选择的答案用升调,后一个用降调,如果有两个以上供选择的答案,则在最后一个用降调,其余都用升调。选择疑问句句末使用问号“?”。

—Would you like rice, noodles or vegetables?(=What would you like, rice, noodles or vegetables?)

—I would like rice.(简略答语:Rice.)

—Shall we go to your home or my home?(=Where shall we go, you home or my home?)

—We shall go to my home.(简略答语:My home.)

4.反义疑问句。

反义疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问,用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。附加疑问句和陈述句之间用逗号“,”连接,附加疑问句结尾部分使用问号“?”。例如:

She is a good girl, isn,t she? 她是一个好女孩,不是吗?

(1)反义疑问句的一般结构。

① 陈述部分肯定句+疑问部分否定句。可记忆为前肯后否。例如:

They work hard, don,t they?(陈述部分没有助动词,所以疑问部分使用助动词do+not。)

It is a pleasant day, isn,t it?(陈述部分有be动词,所以疑问部分使用be动词+not。)

② 陈述部分否定句+疑问部分肯定句。可记忆为前否后肯。例如:

They don,t have their breakfast, do they?(陈述部分使用了助动词don,t,所以疑问部分使用助动词do。)

She can,t play basketball, can she?(陈述部分使用了情态动词can+not,所以疑问部分使用助动词can。)

③ 陈述部分含有表示否定的词如no、never、hardly、few、little等时,附加疑问句需要使用肯定结构。

She has never been there before, has she?

She hardly knows him, does she?

(2)反义疑问句的答语。

—They don,t have their breakfast, do they? 他们没有吃早餐,是吗?

—Yes, they do.不,他们吃了。/No, they don,t.是,他们没吃。

—It is a pleasant day, isn,t it? 今天天气很好,不是吗?

—Yes, it is.不,天气很好。/No, it isn,t.是,天气不好。

(3)祈使句构成的反义疑问句。

① 祈使句部分为肯定时,附加疑问句使用will you? 或者won,t you? 例如:

Give me a hand, will you?/ Give me a hand, won,t you?

② 祈使句部分为否定时,附加疑问句使用will you?或者can you?例如:

Don,t make any noise, will you?/ Don,t make any noise, can you? 不要制造噪声,可以吗?

③ Let表示的祈使句中,如果使用Let,s...附加疑问部分使用shall we?如果是Let us...或者Let me...则用will you? 例如:

Let,s go to movie, shall we? 让我们去看电影吧,好吗?

Let me try it, will you?让我来帮你,好吗?

(4)当陈述部分的主语为everyone, someone, anyone, no one等表示人的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用they或he;当陈述部分的主语为everything,something,anything,nothing等表示物的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用it。

Everyone in your class likes the teacher, aren,t they?/isn,t he?

Something happened this morning, didn,t it?

(5)陈述部分含有think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect等动词,并且后面接宾语从句构成复合句,附加疑问句部分应该区别对待。

① 当主句的主语为第一人称时,其后的附加疑问句应与从句一致。如果主句中出现否定,则属于否定转移现象,实际上否定的是从句,因此其后的附加疑问句应该保持和从句一致,并使用肯定形式。

I think (that) you should come home before 8 o,clock, shouldn,t you?

【分析】 陈述部分中,主句为I think,宾语从句为you should come home before 8 o,clock,所以附加疑问句与宾语从句一致,变为shouldn,t you?

I don,t think (that) he will help us this time, will he?

【分析】 陈述部分中,使用了否定转移,主句中的don,t实际上是用来否定从句中的句子的,因此从句相当于否定句,因此,附加疑问句需要使用will he?

② 当主句的主语为第二、三人称时,其后的简短问句则应与主句一致,并且,否定形式只看主句,与从句无关。

You can imagine (that) I will succeed one day, can,t you?

【分析】 主句为you can imagine,因为主语是you,为第二人称,因此附加疑问句只需要看主句,因此为can,t you?

She doesn,t believe (that) he is a teacher, does she?

【分析】 主句为She doesn,t believe,因为主语是she,为第三人称,因此附加疑问句只需要看主句,因此为does she?

(三)祈使句

祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止、祝愿、叮嘱等。朗读时应该使用降调,句末可以使用句号或者感叹号。例如:

Stand up!起立!(表示命令。)

Go this way, please.请走这边。(表示请求。)

Take care!保重!(表示叮嘱。)

1.祈使句的肯定结构。

①动词原形+(宾语)+(其他成分)。如:

Take care! 当心!

Come here.过来。

注意:在句首或句尾加上please,语气会显得委婉客气,当please写在句尾时,一定要在please前加逗号。例如:

Please have a seat./ Have a seat, please.请坐。

② Be+其他成分,如:

Be happy!开心点。

Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!

③ Let +宾语+动词原形+(其他成分)。如:

Let me try it.让我来试试。

2.祈使句的否定结构。

在祈使句肯定结构前面加don,t。例如:

Don,t come here.不要过来。

Don,t be late for school.上学不要迟到。

Don,t let your mother worry.不要让你的母亲担心。

2015年初赛真题

________ ________in the restaurant, please.(不要吸烟)

【分析】 句意:在餐厅请不要吸烟。这里是祈使句,表示请求。

【答案】 Don,t smoke

3.“No+名词/动名词”表示禁止。

如:

No smoking here.(=Don,t smoke here.)禁止吸烟。

4.祈使句口令。

祈使句无主语,主语you常省去;

动词原形谓语当,句首加don,t否定变;

朗读应当用降调,句末常标感叹号。

(四)感叹句

感叹句主要用于表达强烈的感情,朗读时应该使用降调,句末常使用感叹号。

1.what引导的感叹句。

① What+a/an+(形容词)+单数可数名词(+主语+其他)!例如:

What a beautiful watch it is! (= What a beautiful watch!)

2015年初赛真题

—Look! Mr.Zebel,s recycling bin (回收桶) has blown over.看!Zebel先生的回收桶已经吹翻了。

—What a mess! 真是一团糟!

② What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词(+主语+其他)! 例如:

What beautiful watches they are!(= What beautiful watches!)

2.how引导的感叹句:How+形容词/副词(+主语+其他)!

How beautiful the girl is!(可以省略为:How beautiful!)

How fast he runs! (可以省略为:How fast!)

3.what和how引导的感叹句有时候可以互换。

How beautiful the girl is!

变成what引导的感叹句:What a beautiful girl (she is)!

What a beautiful watch it is!

变成how引导的感叹句:How beautiful the watch is!

三、重点句型

(一)宾语从句

主句和宾语从句一起可以构成复合句。宾语从句充当主句的宾语。常用的含有宾语从句的复合句结构为:主语+谓语+(that)+宾语从句。其中宾语从句为陈述句语序。例如:

She hopes (that) she can have a beautiful dress.

主    谓                                  宾语从句

He thinks my life is better now.

主   谓         宾语从句

The fairy told the potato that he was vegetable.

主           谓     间接宾语      宾语从句

(二)连词在句子中的用法

(1)and和but的用法。and意思为“和”,but意思为“但是”。例如:

She went to the school and she had an English class.(and后面可以接句子。)

She went to the school and had an English class.(and后面可以接与前面相同的成分。)

She and Tom are good friends.(and后面可以接与前面相同的成分。)

Prices for lunch are around $5.00, but Mary usually spends about $6.00 on her meals.(but后面可以接句子。)

Mary loves all cafés but she has a favourite.(but后面可以接句子。)

Mary loves all cafés but has a favourite.(but后面可以接相同的成分。)

(2)both...and...意思为“……和……都”,“既……又……”。例如:

Both you and I like playing basketball.你和我都喜欢打篮球。

Both Lily and Lucy are in Class 1.莉莉和露西都在1班。

It is both interesting and useful.它既有趣又很有用。

(3)or的用法。or的意思为“或者,还是”,表示选择。后面连接句子时,意思为“否则,要不然”。例如:

Do you like ping—pong or badminton? 你喜欢乒乓还是羽毛球。

2011年初赛真题

Hurry up,________you,ll miss the train!

A.and B.but C.or D.so

【答案】 C

【解析】 句意:快点,否则你会错过火车。连词or用于警告时,意为“否则,要不然”,符合句意。

(4)表示时间的when,意思为“在……时,当……时”。例如:

When each United States President (总统) moves into the White House, his family goes with him.当每届美国总统搬到白宫的时候,他的家人和他随行。(when后面接句子)

2015年初赛真题

When we have a________, we should drink more water.

A.fever B.stomachache C.shoulder D.toothache

【答案】 A

【解析】 句意:当发烧的时候我们应该多喝水。have a fever意为“发烧”。

(5)表示时间的until,意思为“在……之前,直到……时,直到……为止”。例如:

He banged on the door until she let him in.他敲门直到她让他进去。(until后面接句子。)

注意:until也可以做介词,意思为“在……之前,直到……时,直到……为止”。例如:

He banged on the door until five o,clock.他敲门到五点。(until后面接名词。)

(6)表示时间的before和after。before意思为“在……以前,在……之前”。after意思为“在……之后,在……以后”。例如:

Let,s clean it up before the recycling trunk comes.在垃圾回收车来之前,让我们把它收拾干净。(before后面接句子。)

After your paint programme opens, look at the screen.在你的画图程序打开后,看屏幕。(after后面接句子。)

注意:before和after也可以作介词或者副词。例如:

Let,s clean it up before/after noon.(before或after作介词,后面接名词。)

He sits before/after me.(before或after作介词,后面接代词。)

I have not seen him before.(before作副词,意思为“之前”。)

He will come soon after.(after做副词,意思为“随后,之后”。)

(7)表示原因的because,意思为“因为……”。例如:

The White House is a special place because the presidents have walked around with their pets.白宫是一个特别的地方,因为总统们带着他们的宠物在那儿散步。(because后面接句子。)

(8)表示结果的so,意思为“所以……”。例如:

I,m older, so I can do more interesting things.(so后面接句子。)

(9)表示条件的if,意思为“如果……,假如……”。例如:

If you make a mistake, don,t worry.假如你犯了错,不要担心。(if后面加句子。)

(三)like和unlike

(1)like做动词时意思是“喜欢”,还可以做介词,意思为“像,好像”。例如:

① —What does she like best? 她最喜欢什么?(like做动词。)

—She likes playing ping—pong.她喜欢打乒乓球。

② —What is she like? 她怎么样?(like做介词。)

—She is very kind.她非常友好。

—What,s Mike,s bedroom like? Mike的卧室怎么样?(like做介词。)

—It is tidy and clean.非常整齐干净。

③ What does he look like?和What is he like?

What does he look like?用于提问人的长相、外貌,意为“他长得什么样?”;而What,s he like?用于提问人的性格、品质等,意为“他是个什么样的人?”。例如:

—What does Tom look like? 汤姆长得怎么样?

—He,s tall, but fat.他很高,但是也胖。

—What,s Lily like? 莉莉是个什么样的人呢?

—She,s very kind and friendly.她很文静、友好。

(2)unlike为介词,意思为“不像”。例如:

Unlike her brother, she likes maths.不像她的哥哥,她喜欢数学。

(四)enough的用法

enough可以做名词、代词、形容词和副词。其用法如下:

① enough做名词或者代词。意思是“足够;充分”。例如:

—Would you like more food? 还要再吃一点吗?

—No, thanks.I,ve had enough.不,谢谢。我已吃饱了。(enough=enough food)

② enough作形容词,意思是“足够的;充分的”,置于被修饰的名词前后均可,常与for或不定式连用。例如:

There are enough books (books enough) for each student.(enough修饰可数名词books)

I have enough time (time enough) to finish the work.(enough修饰不可数名词time)

The food is not enough.(enough放在be动词的后面作表语)

③ enough作副词,意思是“十分地,充分地,足够地,充足地”,置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后,常与不定式或介词for连用。例如:

I have had a long enough holiday.(enough修饰形容词long,置于long的后面。)

The computer is smart enough to work out the problem.(enough修饰形容词smart,置于smart的后面。)

He walks slowly enough.他走得够慢的了。(enough修饰副词slowly,置于slowly的后面。)

固定句型:It is easy enough for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事很容易。例如:

It is easy enough for me to make a cake.制作蛋糕对我来说很容易。

(五)There be句型

there is/ are/will be/were/was...意思为“有……”。表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。there be后面的be动词遵循就近原则。例如:

There is some food on the desk.(food为不可数名词,所以用there is。)

There are lots of cards on the floor.(lots of cards为复数名词,所以用there are。)

There will be a party next Friday.(下周将有一个聚会。will be表示将来时。)

There is a lake and many trees near the house.(be动词后面紧接着a lake,因此使用is。)

(1)there be句型的否定。

no + n.(可数名词单数)= not a/an + n.(可数名词单数);

no + n.(可数名词复数)= not any + n.(可数名词复数);

no + n.(不可数名词)= not any + n.(不可数名词)。

如:

There isn,t any apple on the desk.桌子上没有苹果。(=There is no apple on the desk.)

There aren,t any pictures on the wall.墙上没有照片。(=There are no pictures on the wall.)

There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里面没有水。(=There is not any water in the bottle.)

(2)there be句型改为一般疑问句。

There be结构的一般疑问句需要把be动词移到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可。例如:

Is there an apple on the desk?

Are there lots of cards on the floor?

肯定回答:Yes, there +is / are.

否定回答:No, there + isn,t / aren,t.

注意:there be句型中含有some或者something时,变为一般疑问句需要把some改为any,something改为anything。

There is some water in the bottle.

变为一般疑问句:Is there any water in the bottle?

There is something in my pocket.

变为一般疑问句:Is there anything in my pocket?

(3)there be句型改为特殊疑问句。

① 对主语提问:当主语是人时,用“Who is + 介词短语?”;当主语是物时,用“What is + 介词短语?”。其中there在口语中常常省略。注意:当原句的主语是复数名词时,一般也使用be动词的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。只有当提问的人看到了某处有多于一个人或者一个物体时,提问才使用be动词的复数形式。如:

There is an apple in the desk.

对画线部分提问:What is in the desk?

There are three students under the tree.

对画线部分提问:Who is/are under the tree?

② 对地点提问:用“Where is/are + 主语?”。回答时不再使用there be句型。例如:

There is an apple in the desk.

对画线部分提问:Where is the apple?

【分析】 由于在问题中,apple是特指,因此需要变为the apple。回答时使用:It is in the desk.

There are three students under the tree.

对画线部分提问:Where are the three students?

【分析】 由于在问题中,three students是特指,因此需要变为the three students。回答时使用:They are under the tree.

③ 对数量提问:如果主语是可数名词,无论是单数还是复数,都用“How many +可数名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?” 表示;如果主语是不可数名词,则用“How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?” 表示。

There is one bag behind the chair.

对画线部分提问:How many bags are there behind the chair?

There is some water in the bottle.

对画线部分提问:How much water is there in the bottle?

(4)there be句型改为反义疑问句。

There be句型构成的反义疑问句中,附加疑问句中主语为there。

There are lots of dishes on the table, aren,t there?

There isn,t much water in the glass, is there?

(六)表示提议、建议或者引起话题的句型

(1)Shall we +动词原形+...?(让我们……) 和Let,s +动词原形+…(让我们……)均表示提议或邀请对方一起做某事。例如:

Let,s have a lunch.让我们吃点午饭吧。

Shall we have a lunch? 让我们去吃午饭吧?

Let,s go swimming.让我们去游泳吧。

Shall we go swimming?让我们去游泳吧?

(2)Why don,t + 主语+动词原形+...?或Why not+(省略主语)+动词原形+...?意思为“为什么不……”。用于表示提议或建议。例如:

Why don,t you go to a movie? 为什么你不去看场电影呢?

Why don,t we try it on? 为什么我们不试试呢?

Why not go to a movie?为什么不去看场电影?

(3)What about + sth./doing sth.或者How about + sth./doing sth.两者意思均为“……怎么样?”。表示建议或者询问。例如:

What about/How about going to a movie?看一场电影怎么样?(表示建议)

—I like this book.What about/How about you? 我喜欢这本书,你呢?(询问对话的观点)

—I like it too.

2014年决赛真题

—________going to the zoo?

—That sounds good.

A.Let,s

B.Whose

C.How

D.What about

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意:去动物园怎么样?听起来不错。本题考查提建议用语。A、D两项都可用于提建议,但空格所在句的“?”表示该句是一个问句,因此只有D项符合题意。

(七)比较句型

(1)二者比较常用的比较句型有:

① “A+be+形容词比较级+than+B”意为“A比B更……”。例如:

She is taller than me.她比我高。

This book is more interesting than that book.这本书比那本书更加有趣。

She is taller than any other students in our class。 她比班上其他学生都高。(她和班上其他学生比较。any other+名词:其他……)

② “more than”意为“比……多”。less than意为“比……少”。例如:

I have more apples than you.我有更多的苹果。

I eat less food than Tom.我比Tom吃得少。

③ “as+形容词原级+as”意思为“和……一样”。例如:

He is as strong as a horse.他力大如牛。

Jack is as tall as Tom.Jack和Tom一样高。

(2)三者或者三者以上最高级比较的句型有:

① “A+be+the+最高级+(of/in+范围)”意为“A是……中最……的”。例如:

Tom is the tallest of the three.汤姆是三个人中最高的。

Lily is the most beautiful girl in our class.莉莉是班上最美的女孩。

② 最高级作副词时前面可以省略the。例如:

She runs (the) fastest.她跑得最快。(fastest修饰runs,作副词。)

I like eating rice (the) best.我最喜欢吃米饭。(best修饰like,作副词。)

What do you like (the) best?你最喜欢什么?(best修饰like,作副词。)

(3)A is to B as C is to D意思是“A对于B就像C对于D”。例如

Water is to fish as air is to men.水对于鱼就像空气对于人类。

2014年初赛真题

Water is to “thirsty” as food is to “________”.

A.angry B.sad C.fat D.hungry

【答案】 D

【解析】 句意:渴了需要喝水,正如饿了需要食物。hungry(饥饿的),符合句意。其他选项均不符合:angry:生气的。sad:悲伤的。fat:肥胖的。

(八)it is+形容词/名词+(for sb.) to do sth.(某人)做某事……

During this time it was common (常见的)for people to have animals at home.在这时,人们在家里养动物很常见。

But it is nice to do something nice for someone.为别人做一些好事很好。

And it,s fun to surprise a friend with a good deed.做好事给朋友惊喜很有趣。

It,s my first time to go skating.这是我第一次滑冰。

(九)So+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语,意思为“……也是。”

如:

—Tom likes dumplings

—So do I.我也是。(原句中没有助动词、be动词和情态动词,因此使用助动词do。)

—Tom can swim.

—So can I.我也是。(原句中有情态动词can,因此使用情态动词can。)

—Bill works hard.

—So does Charlie.(原句中没有助动词、be动词和情态动词,又由于本句中主语为Charlie,因此使用第三人称单数形式的does。)

(十)How to...“怎么……”

如:

How to play the violin? 怎么拉小提琴?(=Do you know how to play violin?)

How to play basketball?怎么打篮球?(Do you know how to play basketball?)

(十一)You,d better do/not do sth.你最好做某事/不做某事。表示劝告

如:

You,d better get up early if you don,t want to be late.假如你不想迟到的话,你最好早点起床。

You,d better not make that noise.你最好不要制造那个噪声。

(十二)not only...but also...

not only...but also...表示“不仅……而且……”“既……又……”,用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语。例如:

We were not only hungry, but also tired.我们不但饿了,而且也累了。

She likes not only music but also sports.她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。

She not only plays well, but also writes music.她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。

We go there not only in winter, but also in summer.我们不仅冬天去那儿,而且夏天也去。

注意:当not only...but also...连接两个主语时,谓语动词与其相近的主语保持一致。例如:

Not only Tom but also his friends like playing games.不仅仅汤姆,他的朋友们也喜欢玩游戏。(与谓语动词like相近的主语是his friends,所以使用like。)

Not only all the students but also the teacher wants to go for a picnic.不仅仅所有的学生,老师也想去野餐。(与谓语动词want相近的主语是the teacher,所以使用wants。)

(十三)so/such...that...“如此……以至于……”

① so+形容词/副词+that从句。例如:

He is so happy that he smiles to everyone.他如此高兴以至于对每个人都在微笑。

② so/such +形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数。例如:

There is so/such little water in the bottle that it is not enough for me to drink.

They are so/such kind students that the teacher feels so proud of them.

③ such+ a(n) +形容词+可数名词单数+that从句和so+形容词+ a(n) +可数名词单数+that从句。例如:

It is so interesting a book that I read it again.

It is such an interesting book that I read it again.

(十四)too...to...意思为“太……以至于不能……”

其用法为:too+形容词/副词+to+动词原形。

如:

Tom is too shy to speak in front of the class.汤姆太害羞了以至于在全班同学面前说不出话来。

This dress is too expensive for her to buy.这件裙子太贵了,以至于她买不起。

He walks too slowly to miss the bus.他走得太慢了以至于错过了公交车。

2009年决赛真题

It,s________hard________reach the top of the mountain.

A.so; that B.not; and C.not only; but also D.too; to

【分析】 句意:要爬到山顶太难了。too+adj.+to+do sth.意为“太……而不能……”;“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……”;“not only...but also...”意为“不但……而且……”;所给选项中D项最合题意,故答案为D项。

(十五)would like+sth./to do sth.意思为“愿意,想要”

经常可以简写成:,d like,例如:

She would like (She,d like) something to eat.她想要一些吃的东西。

I would like (I,d like) a glass of juice.我想要一杯果汁。

I would like (I,d like) to play football.我想玩足球。

What would you like to do? 你想做什么?

—What would you like to drink? 你想要喝什么?

—I,d like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。

—Would you like to join in us? 你想加入我们吗?

—Sure, I,d like to (I,d love to).当然,我愿意。

(十六)be going to do sth.打算做某事

如:

I am going to go shopping this afternoon.今天下午我打算去逛街。

They are going to finish their homework today.他们打算今天完成作业。

试比较:

What are you going to do? 你打算做什么?(这里的be going to指的是打算。)

Where are you going?你要去哪儿?(这里的going是go的进行时态,指的是去哪儿,可以回答为:I am going to the supermarket.)

(十七)has/have to do sth.“不得不做某事,必须做某事”

如:

I have to look after my pets.我必须照看我的宠物。

She has to work hard.她不得不努力工作。

注意:含有have/has to的句子变成否定句时,在have/ has to的前面加don,t/doesn,t。例如:

I don,t have to go to school today.今天我没有必要上学。

She doesn,t have to wait for me.她没有必要等我。

(十八)“have/has got”表示“已经拥有;获得”

如:

I have got a new bike.我获得了一辆新的自行车。

I have got a great picture.我获得了一张很棒的图片。

①变为否定句时:在have/has后面加not。

I have not/haven,t got that bike.我没有得到那辆自行车。

Tom has not/hasn,t got a cold.汤姆没有感冒。

②变为一般疑问句时:have/has提前。

Have you got a new bike?你得到了一辆新自行车吗?

Has Tom got a cold?汤姆感冒了吗?

(十九)give sth.to sb.(=give sb.sth.)给某人某物

如:

My aunt gave me a cat as a birthday gift.(My aunt gave a cat to me as a birthday gift.)

2014年决赛真题

Give these flowers to your mother, please.(改为同义句)

Give your mother________ ________, please.

【分析】 原句句意:请把这些花给你的妈妈。give既可以构成短语give sth.to sb.,也可以接双宾语,构成短语give sb.sth.所以答案为these flowers。

类似用法的还有:buy, teach, lend, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, pass, bring, cook。例如:

给某人买某物:buy sth.for sb., buy sb.sth.

教某人某物:teach sth.to sb., teach sb.sth.

教某人做某事:teach sb.to do sth.

借给某人某物:lend sth.to sb., lend sb.sth.

递给某人某物:hand sth.to sb., hand sb.sth.

留给某人某物:leave sth.to sb.,leave sb.sth.

卖给某人某物:sell sth.to sb., sell sb.sth.

给某人看某物:show sth.to sb., show sb.sth.

给某人读某物:read sth.for sb., read sb.sth.

为某事付钱给某人:pay sb.money for sth.,pay money to sb.for sth.

为某人制作某物:make sth.for sb., make sb.sth.

把某物传给某人:pass sb.sth., pass (on) sth.to sb., pass sth.(on) to sb.(当sth.为代词时,例如it:需使用pass it on to sb.,不能使用pass on it to sb.)

给某人带来某物:bring sth.to sb.,bring sb.sth.

某人随身携带某物:bring sth.with sb.

为某人做什么饭:cook sth.for sb.,cook sb.sth.