5.山居秋暝
空山新雨后,天气晚来秋。
明月松间照,清泉石上流。
竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟。
随意春芳歇,王孙自可留。
中文解读
《山居秋暝》是唐代诗人王维隐居终南山下辋川别业时所作。这首诗为山水名篇,于诗情画意之中寄托着诗人高洁的情怀和对理想境界的追求。
此诗描绘了秋雨初晴后傍晚时分山村的旖旎风光和山居村民的淳朴风尚,表现了诗人寄情山水田园并对隐居生活怡然自得的心情,并以自然美来表现人格美和社会美。全诗将空山雨后的秋凉,松间明月的光照,石上清泉的声音以及浣女归来竹林中的喧笑声,渔船穿过荷花的动态和谐完美地融合在一起,给人一种丰富新鲜的感受。它像一幅清新秀丽的山水画,又像一支恬静优美的抒情乐曲,体现了王维诗中有画的创作特点。
表面看来,这首诗只是用“赋”的方法模山范水,对景物作细致感人的刻画,实际上通篇都是比兴。诗人通过对山水的描绘寄慨言志,其含蕴丰富,耐人寻味。
白话译文
空旷的群山沐浴了一场新雨,夜晚降临使人感到已是初秋。
皎皎明月从松隙间洒下清光,清清泉水在山石上淙淙流淌。
竹林喧响知是洗衣姑娘归来,莲叶轻摇想是上游荡下轻舟。
春日的芳菲不妨任随它消歇,秋天的山中我陶醉向往久留。
英译一
Autumn Evening in My Mountain Abode
Translated by Wang Baotong
Blank hills look pure as a recent rain refines,
As dusk is falling autumn is felt in the bones.
A silvery moon is shining through the pines,
The limpid brooks are gurgling over the stones.
Bamboos laugh out as girls from washing whirl,
The lotus stirs where boats out fishing curl.
The scents of spring may go; that's Nature's will.
This season here attracts the noble still.
(refine v.改进;改善 limpid adj.清澈的 gurgle v.汩汩流淌whirl v.回旋 curl v.弯曲 scent n.香味)
英译二
Autumn Evening in the Mountains
Translated by Xu Yuanchong
After fresh rain in mountains bare,
Autumn permeates evening air.
Among pine-trees bright moonbeams peer,
Over crystal stones flows water clear.
Bamboos whisper of washer-maids,
Lotus stirs when fishing boat wades.
Though fragrant spring may pass away,
Still here's the place for you to stay.
(bare adj.空的 permeate v.弥漫 moonbeam n.月光 peer v.凝视stir v.搅动 wade v.走动)
英译欣赏
The poem describes the beauty of the mountain village in the sunset and the pure-hearted personality of villagers. The poet focused on landscapes to express his satisfaction as a recluse who was a person of unsullied character pursuing the ideal state.
这首诗中,明月清泉,竹喧莲动,浣女归舟,层次鲜明,因果清晰;有声有色、有静有动,这里选用了两个流传很广的译本。
英译一为河南大学王宝童教授所译,英译二为北京大学许渊冲教授所译。两译文均采用abab, ccdd 押韵,译文各有特色。
英译一用一般现在时,几乎按原诗的结构来表达:blank hills, autumn, a silvery moon, limpid brooks, bamboos, the lotus作每一句的主语,对应非常工整,属对等翻译。
“明月松间照,清泉石上流”:A silvery moon is shining through the pines, The limpid brooks are gurgling over the stones。
第三、四句几乎是直译,英文简洁而地道,shine 和gurgle用现在进行时态,使描述更生动。
Bamboos laugh out as girls from washing whirl, The lotus stirs where boats out fishing curl。为了押韵采用了倒装句,应为:Bamboos laugh out as girls whirl from washing, The lotus stirs where boats curl out fishing。
英译二体现了许教授的翻译“三美”原则,基本上是意译和创译,很好地表现了原诗的意境。
译文用autumn 作句子主语,after引导时间状语,among 引导地点状语。After fresh rain in mountains bare, Autumn permeates evening air.Among pine-trees bright moonbeams peer, Over crystal stones flows water clear,这里用了倒装句,语言精练,peer和clear构成押韵,原句应是:Bright moon-beams peer among pine-trees, Clear water flows over crystal stones。
“竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟”:Bamboos whisper of washer-maids, Lotus stirs when fishing boat wades,拟人化用法,这里bamboos 和lotus好像有生命的人一样——可以whisper和stir了。月光像人一样在凝视着松林,竹林低语说着洗衣的女子的归来。
最后两句“随意春芳歇,王孙自可留。”“春芳”与“王孙”出自楚辞《招隐士》:“王孙游兮不归,春草生兮萋萋。”王孙,原指贵族子弟,后来也泛指隐居的人。一般认为,王维这里的“王孙”既指友人,也指诗人本人。对“王孙”理解不同自然翻译不同。英译一译为the noble,英译二则译为you,仿佛直接邀请友人留下。
思考
“空山”译为blank hills、bare mountains和empty mountains,意义有何区别?